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Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chemical Equations and Reactions

... symbolized by a Greek capital delta, ∆, indicates that the reactants must be heated. The specific temperature at which a reaction occurs may also be written over the arrow. For some reactions, it is important to specify the pressure at which the reaction occurs or to specify that the pressure must b ...
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Conversion Problems
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... The element discussed in question number one is a halogen. As a pure element, it exists as a diatomic molecule (at room temperature and 1 atm pressure it is most stable as a liquid). (a) What is the average mass of each of these diatomic molecules (in amu)? ans.: if two average atoms combine they wi ...
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... of chemical constituents can be dissolved in groundwater as a result of interaction with the soil and bedrock and from human activities. The variations in groundwater chemistry/quality are discerned from hydrochemical and isotope data. The result reveals that the groundwater chemistry is generally c ...
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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... chapter lends itself to questions that emphasize recall and application; and many such questions are presented. But other topics in this chapter require synthesis and interpretation, as well as visualization of three-dimensional arrangements of atoms, and so we have added several questions that will ...
C4GEM - Genome-Scale Metabolic Model to
C4GEM - Genome-Scale Metabolic Model to

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chapter 8
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... 2. The equation must contain the correct formulas for the reactants and products. Remember what you’ve learned about symbols and formulas. Knowledge of the common oxidation states of the elements and of methods of writing formulas will enable you to write formulas for reactants and products if they ...
Stoichiometry
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... 
molarity
(concenta?on)
=
moles
/
volume
 
molarity
=
0.0125
moles
/
0.25
l

=
0.05
M

 ...
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IChO 2012 - Austrian Chemistry Olympiad
IChO 2012 - Austrian Chemistry Olympiad

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chapter 8 - Denton ISD
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... They have the same numbers of same kinds of atoms, but the differ in the way that those atoms are attached to one another, or how they are oriented in space,(Greek: isos= equal; meros=part) Isomerism The presence of two or more compounds which has the same molecular formula is known as Isomerism 1. ...
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Stoichiometry - Madison Public Schools
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... • By definition, these are the mass of 1 mole of a substance (i.e., g/mol) – The molar mass of an element is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element that we find on the periodic table – The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the same number as the molar mass (in g/mol) Stoichiometry ...
Chemistry - Resonance
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Word - icho39.chem.msu.ru
Word - icho39.chem.msu.ru

... which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. He and his coworkers were actually looking for rare earth metals. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide (scandia, Sc2O3) of high purity. Per Theodo ...
Lesson Overview
Lesson Overview

... Because of the multiple hydrogen bonds between water molecules, it takes a large amount of heat energy to cause those molecules to move faster and raise the temperature of the water. Water’s heat capacity, the amount of heat energy required to increase its temperature, is relatively high. Large bodi ...
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Isotopic labeling



Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope, or an atom with a variation, through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell. The reactant is 'labeled' by replacing specific atoms by their isotope. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the products is measured to determine the sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling is called radiolabeling.In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their mass, vibrational mode, or radioactive decay. Mass spectrometry detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while infrared spectroscopy detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of phenol (C6H5OH) in water by replacing common hydrogen (protium) with deuterium (deuterium labeling). Upon adding phenol to deuterated water (water containing D2O in addition to the usual H2O), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's hydroxyl group (resulting in C6H5OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group was affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms did not participate in these exchange reactions.
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