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11/11/08 Chapter 9 The Outer Worlds… Jupiter Jupiter Jupiter`s
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... • Deeper still, liquid hydrogen compresses into liquid metallic hydrogen, a material scientists only recently created in tiny high-pressure chambers • An iron rocky core, a few times bigger than the Earth, probably resides at the center ...
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... Venus?, Io, Europa, Callisto induced Mars’ patchy crustal Jupiter’s is strongest jovian surface mag field = 4.3 G mag moment = 20000X Earths Io plasma torus complicates affects all Galilean satellites ...
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... • Could be the rotational and orbital periods of one body: spin-orbit coupling. • Orbit-Orbit coupling • Many possibilities. • Evolutionary forces in Solar System often driven by dissipative forces (forces that produce heat) which are connected to the existence of resonances. • An example of Spin-Or ...
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... • This, together with the vast amount of material in the outer Solar System, lead to the creation of the four large Jovian planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune • Composed mainly of gaseous and liquid hydrogen and its compounds, these planets lack solid surfaces and may have cores of molten ...
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... -It has dozens of rings that are made of ice and rock and they can be as small as a fingernail and as big as the size of a car. -Saturn is made out of hydrogen and helium. If there was an ocean big enough to hold Saturn it would float. -Saturn has 60 moons. ...
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... Europa is the sixth of Jupiter’s moons and is the fourth largest. It is slightly smaller than the Earth’s moon. The surface strongly resembles images of sea ice on Earth. There may be a liquid water sea under the crust. Europa is one of the five known moons in the solar system to have an atmosphere. ...
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... Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, [asteroid belt], Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Distinctive features of each planet: • Mercury – smallest, many craters, extremely hot (day) to extremely cold (night) • Venus – Earth’s sister planet, runaway greenhouse effect, acidic clouds, volcanic, day is longer tha ...
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... "sister" planet, and we now know that almost nothing on Venus is like that on the Earth. Much of the previous misconception can be traced to the difficulty of observing Venus because it is always covered with a thick cloud layer. In the past 3 decades astronomers have learned how to peer through tha ...
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... c. 4 Galilean moons, visible with small telescope: i. Io - orbits in about 1.8 days! Lots of active volcanoes due to strong tidal forces since so close to a large planet (near the Roche limit; see Saturn) ii. Europa - may have water – may be a place where life can be found iii. Ganymede - largest mo ...
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... • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the gas giant planets. • Gas giants have deep, massive gas atmospheres, which are made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. They have no surface to stand on. • The gas giant planets are large and cold. What is known about Jupiter? • Jupiter is the largest plan ...
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Exploration of Jupiter



The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft. It began with the arrival of Pioneer 10 into the Jovian system in 1973, and, as of 2014, has continued with seven further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and all but one have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit. These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements and travel time. Plans for more missions to the Jovian system are under development, none of which are scheduled to arrive at the planet before 2016. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment.The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973, followed a year later by Pioneer 11. Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its moons and the ring system, discovering the volcanic activity of Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. Ulysses further studied Jupiter's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2000. The Cassini probe approached the planet in 2000 and took very detailed images of its atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft passed by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its and its satellites' parameters.The Galileo spacecraft is the only one to have entered orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003. During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so.Future probes planned by NASA include the Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, which will enter a polar orbit around Jupiter to determine whether it has a rocky core. The European Space Agency selected the L1-class JUICE mission in 2012 as part of its Cosmic Vision programme to explore three of Jupiter's Galilean moons, with a possible Ganymede lander provided by Roscosmos. JUICE is proposed to be launched in 2022. Some NASA administrators have even speculated as to the possibility of human exploration of Jupiter, but such missions are not considered feasible with current technology; such as radiation protection.
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