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Chap 2 Stock Market Indices Stock Market Indices
Chap 2 Stock Market Indices Stock Market Indices

... The price change of its 1700 stocks (including some CEFs) count equally in calculating the price change of the Value Line indexes. • The Value Line Index uses the geometric mean of the each of the 1700 stocks’ return that day. • There is also an arithmetic VL index, that is less followed. This index ...
How the Stock Market Works
How the Stock Market Works

... members of the exchange and who function under rules intended to assure that trading will be fair, honest, and free from manipulation. The price at which stocks are bought and sold in this situation can be a compromise between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price for whi ...
Economic Review 1, 2013 , Algorithmic trading in the foreign
Economic Review 1, 2013 , Algorithmic trading in the foreign

... frequency trading is thus a sub-category of algorithmic trading and involves placing or executing orders at a very high frequency. The aim is to generate profit through the speed of trading and the informational advantage created by the technology over other participants on the market. The media and ...
Embargoed for release 7
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... conditions continued to be mixed. While Winterflood experienced stronger volumes, trading was more volatile and retail investors remain focused on lower risk and large cap stocks. As a result, income per bargain reduced, partially offsetting the increase in average bargains per day. Seydler’s perfor ...
The Structure and Performance of Securities Markets
The Structure and Performance of Securities Markets

... – Buyers and sellers confront each other directly to set the price – Either a single trade between all parties at a single price or a series of trades at different prices ...
Junior Sophisters Monetary and Welfare Economics
Junior Sophisters Monetary and Welfare Economics

... 1. (i) Which of the following statements is true: “beta and standard deviation differ as risk measures in that beta measures: (a) Only unsystematic risk, while standard deviation measures total risk (b) Only systematic risk, while standard deviation measures total risk (c) Both systematic and unsyst ...
arXiv:physics/0603084 v1 10 Mar 2006 Relation between Bid
arXiv:physics/0603084 v1 10 Mar 2006 Relation between Bid

... trading by avoiding these liquidity crises? In the past, the burden of providing liquidity was given to market makers, or specialists. In order to ensure steady trading, the specialists alternatively sell to buyers and buy to sellers, and retribute themselves through the so-called bid-ask spread – ...
Back to basics on Risk Management – Futures
Back to basics on Risk Management – Futures

... certainty and reducing risk. However, there are some key differences. Futures contracts are exchange-traded and therefore, standardised contracts. Forward contracts, on the other hand, are private agreements between two parties. The private nature of Forward contracts means that there is a chance th ...
Pengana Capital Funds
Pengana Capital Funds

... Crowley agrees that alpha managers may introduce new risks to portfolios, but he adds, ‘the more fundamentally different risk-and-return drivers that are in a portfolio, the more diversification it has’. The assumption that markets are efficient and that investors should be ambivalent about the timi ...
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Rock around the Clock: An Agent-Based Model of - Gredeg

... So far, the few existing agent-based models dealing with HFT have mainly treated HF as zero-intelligence agents with an exogenously-given trading frequency (e.g., Bartolozzi, 2010; Hanson, 2011). However, only few attempts have been made to account for the ...
投影片 1
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... defined as 1 (i, j)  1 (Stock i ) - 1 (Stock j ). Fig. 4 gives the probability distributions of phase differences between the first-IMFs of returns for two indexes for 2005–2010. We summarize some finding based various market regions and certain periods. (1) The third row plots provide the angl ...
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... US including many highly liquid securities and Exchange Traded Funds (ETF). This had a profound impact on the DJIA. In Canada the markets were as volatile as the US and the market volumes had been increasing for several days. The TSX market opened with the S&P/TSX Composite Index (TSX Composite) at ...
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Determination of Forward and Futures Prices

... Are Forward & Futures Prices equal? Forward and futures prices are usually assumed to be the same. When interest rates are uncertain they are, in theory, slightly different:  When S increased, an investor of long position in future makes an immediate gain(M2M). This gain is tend to be invested at ...
Federated Mid-Cap Index Fund
Federated Mid-Cap Index Fund

... Out of 377 Mid-Cap Blend investments. An investment's overall Morningstar Rating, based on its risk-adjusted return, is a weighted average of its applicable 3-, 5-, and 10-year Ratings. See disclosure page for details. ...
Technical Analysis on Selected Stocks of Energy Sector
Technical Analysis on Selected Stocks of Energy Sector

... be greater than 1. Conversely, when the average loss is greater than the average gain, the RSI declines because RS will be less than 1. The last part of the formula ensures that the indicator oscillates between 0 and 100. Note: If the Average Loss ever becomes zero, RSI becomes 100 by definition. C. ...
MAT4730 1 - Basic Definitions
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... We work within the framework of a financial market with N + 1 financial assets. There is 1 risk-free asset: the money market, typically a bank account or bond, and N risky assets, typically stocks (but can represent any risky security). The stocks evolve continuously with BM (Brownian Motion) as its ...
Practice problems for Lecture 4. Answers. 1. Black
Practice problems for Lecture 4. Answers. 1. Black

... e. Conceptual question: Since the put option is worth more alive than if exercised now (45 − 40 = 5 < 6.57586), can we conclude that an American version of the put is worth the same as the European put? No. The value today is enhanced by our option to exercise an American option between now and matu ...
Week 45 saw just over 38000 bales offered for sale to
Week 45 saw just over 38000 bales offered for sale to

... There is very little new information to convey this week as the status quo continues with the sensitive weekly volatility to continue around our well established high trading range. However a slightly negative tone is developing as it is getting harder to convince downstream participants to increase ...
Q2 2016 - SAGE Investment Advisors
Q2 2016 - SAGE Investment Advisors

... **Client’s performance may differ from that of the model performance described due to timing of cash flows, management fees, etc. *** Trade log taken from the SAGE Equity Model and David’s CIO notes to the team This newsletter has been prepared by SAGE Investment Advisors and expresses the opinions ...
February 2004 - McCarthy Asset Management, Inc.
February 2004 - McCarthy Asset Management, Inc.

... most significant market gains often occur when investors are most pessimistic. A great example of this was one year ago. In March of 2003, it appeared the market could be heading for it’s fourth consecutive year of negative returns. The economy was contracting and there was great uncertainty with th ...
Research Paper No. 58: A Review of the Global and Local
Research Paper No. 58: A Review of the Global and Local

... in emerging markets and accelerate capital outflows. The Hong Kong market, as part of emerging Asia, will also be affected. uncertainties about US interest rate hikes – Although the US Fed had pledged to raise interest rates at a gradual pace, the actual pace for future rate hikes remains uncertain. ...
understanding margins
understanding margins

... The Management of Pakistan Stock Exchange considers that the investors' confidence in the fair dealings at the Exchange is the key to rapid development of the market. Therefore, its goal is to ensure effective risk management in secondary market trading and to protect investors' interest. In accorda ...
January 2012 - Appropriate Balance Financial Services
January 2012 - Appropriate Balance Financial Services

... transaction charges, and include reinvestment of all dividends and earnings. Returns ignore tax implications, which may be a significant  consideration for taxable accounts. Actual individual client returns usually differ somewhat, depending on such factors as each client’s beginning  date, transact ...
investing
investing

... Inexperienced investors often start with mutual funds made up of securities chosen by professional managers at investment firms ...
The Dual-Listing Law:
The Dual-Listing Law:

... Companies that have traded on the Nasdaq, the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, or the London Stock Exchange’s Main Market (Primary Listing) for at least a year since their IPOs are eligible to dual-list. Also eligible are companies that have traded for less than a year but maint ...
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Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
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