• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Strategic Noise in Competitive Markets for the Sale of Information
Strategic Noise in Competitive Markets for the Sale of Information

... between their trading divisions via fund management contracts. There are not many empirical papers documenting collusion in finance. Marsh (1998, 1999) gives empirical evidence of implicit collusion between investment banks for the underwriting of new issues. He shows that this financial service is ...
PDF
PDF

Price functionals with bid-ask spreads : an axiomatic
Price functionals with bid-ask spreads : an axiomatic

... costs applied to some frictionless arbitrage-free price process S , are obviously arbitrage-free. The converse is false and if a model with constant proportional transaction costs applied to some price process S is arbitrage-free then S is not necessarily a frictionless arbitrage-free process. In a ...
Technical Analysis in Financial Markets Griffioen, GAW
Technical Analysis in Financial Markets Griffioen, GAW

... As long as financial markets have existed, people have tried to forecast them, in the hope that good forecasts would bring them great fortunes. In financial practice it is not the question whether it is possible to forecast, but how the future path of a financial time series can be forecasted. In ac ...
stock exchange
stock exchange

... • share: a portion of stock • capital gain: the difference between the selling price and purchase price that results in a financial gain for the seller • capital loss: the difference between the selling price and purchase price that results in a financial loss for the seller • stock split: the divis ...
Globalization of Stock Markets
Globalization of Stock Markets

... Simultaneously buying and selling of a portfolio of at least 15 different stocks valued at more than $1 million  Most commonly used by securities firms  Program refers to the use of computers  Impact on stock volatility ...
Movie-theater company gets two thumbs down
Movie-theater company gets two thumbs down

... firms. And because Regal tends to build big complexes -- where it can leverage labor costs over many screens -- the company has the highest operating margins in the industry. Next comes the yield, which now stands north of 12%, a nice cushion against any continued price erosion and particularly attr ...
Impact Of Short Selling Activity On Market Dynamics
Impact Of Short Selling Activity On Market Dynamics

... ratio for BIST100 market, which has never broken 4% level until early 2006 reached as much as 15% in late 2008 and has remained significantly high on average compared to pre-crisis levels. Such statistics point to the presence of an active group of short sellers that appeared with some sort of “wake ...
How Efficient Markets Undervalue Stocks: CAPM and ECMH under
How Efficient Markets Undervalue Stocks: CAPM and ECMH under

... Thus the Investment Dartboard results only confirmed what the academics already knew: you can't beat the market.8 Or so it seemed from the first round. Undeterred by their initial defeat, investment managers continued to step up to the plate in subsequent Investment Dartboard contests. And as the co ...
ethiopian commodity exchange - Making The Connection: Value
ethiopian commodity exchange - Making The Connection: Value

... Trading volume in 2010-11 totaled 504,000 tons for coffee, sesame seed, pea bean and maize, with a trading value of US$ 1.2 billion. On the ground, ECX has a network of over 50 warehouses spread across 17 sites, with a total storage capacity of 300,000 tons. Crops delivered to the warehouses are gra ...
securities trading policy
securities trading policy

... or the Company has had a number of consecutive prohibited periods and the restricted person could not reasonably have been expected to exercise it at a time when free to do so; or trade under a non-discretionary trading plan for which prior written clearance has been provided in accordance with proc ...
Efficient market hypothesis: is the Croatian stock market as (in
Efficient market hypothesis: is the Croatian stock market as (in

... Furthermore, an elementary moving average crossover trading system beats the CROBEX and S&P 500 indices from 1997 to 2010, indicating market inefficiency. Still, if the same trading rule is applied to the S&P 500 index in an extended time period between 1950 and 2010, the conclusion about market inef ...
Informed Trading in Parallel Auction and Dealer Markets
Informed Trading in Parallel Auction and Dealer Markets

... better able to identify informed traders. Gramming, Schiereck, and Theissen (2001) examine the relation of degree of trader anonymity and the probability of informed trading on the two parallel markets at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Both these studies are based on the concept that the non-anonymo ...
Futures and Options
Futures and Options

... Prerequisites: All core courses or their equivalents. This course requires a very basic knowledge of futures and options. Exams and Grading: There will be two multiple-choice exams, a midterm and a final. The final grade will be based on the following weights; 30% midterm, 70% final, class participa ...
Development of an algorithmic trading model for intraday
Development of an algorithmic trading model for intraday

... code in order to develop market signals. With increasing computer power and speed of calculation the algorithmic trading really took off and has seen a significant rise in the use in past decade. With market trade share varying up to 40 - 80% of total trades, and especially high level of trades in m ...
contracts 9,899,780,283 traded
contracts 9,899,780,283 traded

... I think the insight is still helpful, although the equipment we need to understanding trading costs is more sophisticated than it used to be. Transactions costs typically include a measure of the bid/ask spread, which can be measured in any number of ways. The liquidity of a market might be characte ...
Forecasting Prices in the Presence of Hidden Liquidity
Forecasting Prices in the Presence of Hidden Liquidity

... approach is inspired by Markov-type models for the order book, first proposed by Smith, Farmer, Gillemot and Krishnamurthy (SFGK) and more recently studied in Cont, Stoikov and Talreja (CST). These models are high-dimensional Markov processes with a state-space consisting of vectors (bid price, bid ...
The Microstructure of Foreign Exchange Markets
The Microstructure of Foreign Exchange Markets

... 1978; Goodhart 1988; De Long et al. 1990; and Frankel and Froot 1990a). In a well-known study of the stock market, French and Roll (1986) found that, when the market closed for election days or special shutdowns, volatility was not "stored up" to await the reopen of the market, even though the gener ...
An Experimental Examination of the House Money Effect
An Experimental Examination of the House Money Effect

... notable influence is Kahneman and Tversky’s (1979) prospect theory, which provides a descriptive model of decision- making under risk. According to the model, people derive utility from gains and losses in wealth, rather than from the absolute level of wealth. Utility functions are concave in the do ...
Course Outline - Kleykamp in Taiwan
Course Outline - Kleykamp in Taiwan

... important group which influences the markets are speculators. These people buy and sell financial assets in hopes of making short term capital gains. Some economists believe that because speculators make profits when markets are unstable, competition between speculators will reduce such profits and ...
A1.2 - DFSA
A1.2 - DFSA

... (“MKT”). Please refer to the Prospectus requirements in full the MKT when completing this checklist. ...
The Greek Letters
The Greek Letters

... • Current exchange rate is 1.6200, UK r = 13%, US r = 10%, volatility of sterling is 15% ...
lecture 6 - ComLabGames
lecture 6 - ComLabGames

... The key advantage from assuming that markets are in competitive equilibrium is that models of competitive equilibrium are relatively straightforward to analyze. For example, deriving the properties of a Nash equilibrium solution to a trading game is typically more complex than deriving the competiti ...
FINAL NOTICE: Michael Coscia
FINAL NOTICE: Michael Coscia

... United States through a Direct Market Access provider 2. This Notice is concerned with trading by Mr Coscia which was conducted on his own proprietary account. 8. Mr Coscia traded the following products on ICE during the Relevant Period: a. ...
Mechanics of Futures Markets
Mechanics of Futures Markets

... – Too large  traders who wish to hedge or speculate relatively small positions are unable to use this contract – Too small  trading may be expensive since there is a transaction cost associated with each contract traded ※ Decide the appropriate contract size to maximize the trading volume ...
< 1 ... 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ... 89 >

Algorithmic trading

Algorithmic trading, also called algo trading and blackbox trading, encompasses trading systems that are heavily reliant on complex mathematical formulas and high-speed, computer programs to determine trading strategies. These strategies use electronic platforms to enter trading orders with an algorithm which executes pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for a variety of variables such as timing, price, and volume. Algorithmic trading is widely used by investment banks, pension funds, mutual funds, and other buy-side (investor-driven) institutional traders, to divide large trades into several smaller trades to manage market impact and risk.Algorithmic trading may be used in any investment strategy or trading strategy, including market making, inter-market spreading, arbitrage, or pure speculation (including trend following). The investment decision and implementation may be augmented at any stage with algorithmic support or may operate completely automatically.Many types of algorithmic or automated trading activities can be described as high-frequency trading (HFT), which is a specialized form of algorithmic trading characterized by high turnover and high order-to-trade ratios. As a result, in February 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) formed a special working group that included academics and industry experts to advise the CFTC on how best to define HFT. HFT strategies utilize computers that make elaborate decisions to initiate orders based on information that is received electronically, before human traders are capable of processing the information they observe. Algorithmic trading and HFT have resulted in a dramatic change of the market microstructure, particularly in the way liquidity is provided.Profitability projections by the TABB Group, a financial services industry research firm, for the US equities HFT industry were US$1.3 billion before expenses for 2014, significantly down on the maximum of US$21 billion that the 300 securities firms and hedge funds that then specialized in this type of trading took in profits in 2008, which the authors had then called ""relatively small"" and ""surprisingly modest"" when compared to the market's overall trading volume. In March 2014, Virtu Financial, a high-frequency trading firm, reported that during five years the firm as a whole was profitable on 1,277 out of 1,278 trading days, losing money just one day, empirically demonstrating the law of large numbers benefit of trading thousands to millions of tiny, low-risk and low-edge trades every trading day.A third of all European Union and United States stock trades in 2006 were driven by automatic programs, or algorithms. As of 2009, studies suggested HFT firms accounted for 60-73% of all US equity trading volume, with that number falling to approximately 50% in 2012. In 2006, at the London Stock Exchange, over 40% of all orders were entered by algorithmic traders, with 60% predicted for 2007. American markets and European markets generally have a higher proportion of algorithmic trades than other markets, and estimates for 2008 range as high as an 80% proportion in some markets. Foreign exchange markets also have active algorithmic trading (about 25% of orders in 2006). Futures markets are considered fairly easy to integrate into algorithmic trading, with about 20% of options volume expected to be computer-generated by 2010. Bond markets are moving toward more access to algorithmic traders.Algorithmic trading and HFT have been the subject of much public debate since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission said in reports that an algorithmic trade entered by a mutual fund company triggered a wave of selling that led to the 2010 Flash Crash. The same reports found HFT strategies may have contributed to subsequent volatility by rapidly pulling liquidity from the market. As a result of these events, the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its second largest intraday point swing ever to that date, though prices quickly recovered. (See List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.) A July, 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an international body of securities regulators, concluded that while ""algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk, their usage was also clearly a contributing factor in the flash crash event of May 6, 2010."" However, other researchers have reached a different conclusion. One 2010 study found that HFT did not significantly alter trading inventory during the Flash Crash. Some algorithmic trading ahead of index fund rebalancing transfers profits from investors.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report