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FJA4210 PNP Epitaxial Silicon Transistor F JA
FJA4210 PNP Epitaxial Silicon Transistor F JA

... SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: ...
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... sources, indep. current sources, and linear resistors can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of an independent voltage source in series with a resistor without affecting the operation of the rest of the circuit. Thévenin equivalent circuit ...
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... The switching power supply is composed by a PWM controlled push-pull double power supply. One of them generates and controls only positive voltages, the other one the negative voltages. The power supply system functioning logic is directed by a single circuit, called PWM CONTROLLER, which also atten ...
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... Fig. 3 Voltage-controlled oscillator The capacitance value of the varactor will vary depending on the voltage across the varactor ‘s terminal. So, voltage variations will result in changes in overall L-C tank resonant frequency. By this method, we can tune the oscillating frequency by applying the D ...
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... If the voltage is applied with proper polarity, the circuit should respond by lighting a Green LED. If the voltage is applied with the wrong polarity, have the circuit respond by lighting a Red LED and sounding a buzzer. The buzzer will operate on any DC voltage from 3 to 18 volts at a current of 10 ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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