Large-Scale Variation Among Human and Great Ape Genomes
... comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH), measuring copy-number gains and losses among these species. Using an array of 2460 human bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) (12% of the genome), we identified a total of 63 sites of putative DNA copy-number variation between humans and the great ap ...
... comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH), measuring copy-number gains and losses among these species. Using an array of 2460 human bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) (12% of the genome), we identified a total of 63 sites of putative DNA copy-number variation between humans and the great ap ...
1 Condensins promote co-orientation of sister chromatids during
... 1A), signifying a role for the condensin complex in establishing sister kinetochore orientation. The 50% reduction in sister chromatid co-segregation caused by loss of YCS4 and BRN1 function is likely to be an underestimation of the effect of condensin on this process. First, co-segregation of siste ...
... 1A), signifying a role for the condensin complex in establishing sister kinetochore orientation. The 50% reduction in sister chromatid co-segregation caused by loss of YCS4 and BRN1 function is likely to be an underestimation of the effect of condensin on this process. First, co-segregation of siste ...
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
... – If penetrance or expressivity is < 100% other genes/modifiers may be involved. ...
... – If penetrance or expressivity is < 100% other genes/modifiers may be involved. ...
Amphibian sex determination and sex reversal
... they can be masculinized by testosterone but are unaffected by estradiol. Neomales of both species sire almost entirely female progeny when mated with normal females, confirming the XX/XY system found by gynogenesis (fig. 1c). In contrast, Hyla japonica tadpoles do not respond to testosterone but ca ...
... they can be masculinized by testosterone but are unaffected by estradiol. Neomales of both species sire almost entirely female progeny when mated with normal females, confirming the XX/XY system found by gynogenesis (fig. 1c). In contrast, Hyla japonica tadpoles do not respond to testosterone but ca ...
heredity and variation
... laws which govern all animals and plants. More and more, biology conceives of life as a whole and judges the importance of its problems by the degree to which they embrace the whole living world. One of its central problems concerns the methods by which the species of animals and plants change and a ...
... laws which govern all animals and plants. More and more, biology conceives of life as a whole and judges the importance of its problems by the degree to which they embrace the whole living world. One of its central problems concerns the methods by which the species of animals and plants change and a ...
Recombination
... past. Without recombination, in a strictly asexual population, every gene shares the same ancestor. In sexually reproducing populations, however, gene genealogies will differ, as they are being shuffled by recombination. This can be well illustrated with parts of the human genome differing in their ...
... past. Without recombination, in a strictly asexual population, every gene shares the same ancestor. In sexually reproducing populations, however, gene genealogies will differ, as they are being shuffled by recombination. This can be well illustrated with parts of the human genome differing in their ...
Document
... E4. A gene on the Y chromosome in mammals would only be transmitted from father to son. It would be difficult to genetically map Y-linked genes because a normal male has only one copy of the Y chromosome, so you do not get any crossing over between two Y chromosomes. Occasionally, abnormal males (XY ...
... E4. A gene on the Y chromosome in mammals would only be transmitted from father to son. It would be difficult to genetically map Y-linked genes because a normal male has only one copy of the Y chromosome, so you do not get any crossing over between two Y chromosomes. Occasionally, abnormal males (XY ...
Ch11_Lecture no writing
... The structure of the DNA double helix was described by Watson and Crick in 1953. Explain the structure of the DNA double helix, including its subunits and the way in which they are bonded together. (Total 8 marks) ...
... The structure of the DNA double helix was described by Watson and Crick in 1953. Explain the structure of the DNA double helix, including its subunits and the way in which they are bonded together. (Total 8 marks) ...
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DDDP)
... Half of the parental DNA molecule is conserved in each new double helix, paired with a newly synthesized complementary strand. This is called semiconservative replication ...
... Half of the parental DNA molecule is conserved in each new double helix, paired with a newly synthesized complementary strand. This is called semiconservative replication ...
Hydrogen autotrophy of Nocardia opaca strains is
... integration of a large fragment would have been detected by the cleavage of the bacterial chromosomal DNA into only a few fragments and by the comparison of an Aut+ and an Aut- strain. The differences of the restriction patterns would have provided information on the presence as well as the size of ...
... integration of a large fragment would have been detected by the cleavage of the bacterial chromosomal DNA into only a few fragments and by the comparison of an Aut+ and an Aut- strain. The differences of the restriction patterns would have provided information on the presence as well as the size of ...
CHROMOTHRIPSIS FROM DNA DAMAGE IN MICRONUCLEI The
... rearrangements. Although mutations are generally thought to accumulate gradually, over many cell division cycles1,2, recent cancer genome sequencing provides evidence for mutational processes that generate multiple mutations “all-at-once”, during a single cell cycle3. The most striking example of su ...
... rearrangements. Although mutations are generally thought to accumulate gradually, over many cell division cycles1,2, recent cancer genome sequencing provides evidence for mutational processes that generate multiple mutations “all-at-once”, during a single cell cycle3. The most striking example of su ...
Chapter 15
... The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: genes (allele pairs) are on chromosomes and homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis (principle of segregation) and reunite during fertilization. If allele pairs are on different chromosomes they will sort independently (principle of independent assortme ...
... The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: genes (allele pairs) are on chromosomes and homologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis (principle of segregation) and reunite during fertilization. If allele pairs are on different chromosomes they will sort independently (principle of independent assortme ...
Homework Assignment #1 - Due September 28th
... Answer: 300 tall and 100 short. Selfing the F1 (Tt x Tt) would produce a genotypic ratio ¼ TT: 2/4 Tt: ¼ tt. Because (T) is dominant, the phenotypic ratio would be ¾ tall and ¼ short. For 400 progeny: 3/4 x 400= 300 tall and ¼ x 400 = short c) How many F2 would be expected to be pure breeding when s ...
... Answer: 300 tall and 100 short. Selfing the F1 (Tt x Tt) would produce a genotypic ratio ¼ TT: 2/4 Tt: ¼ tt. Because (T) is dominant, the phenotypic ratio would be ¾ tall and ¼ short. For 400 progeny: 3/4 x 400= 300 tall and ¼ x 400 = short c) How many F2 would be expected to be pure breeding when s ...
to 3 - NUAMESAPBio
... ▪ At interphase, most of the chromatin is compacted into a 30-nm fiber, which is folded further in some areas by looping ▪ Even during interphase, centromeres and some other parts of chromosomes are highly condensed, similar to metaphase chromosomes ▪ This condensed chromatin is called heterochroma ...
... ▪ At interphase, most of the chromatin is compacted into a 30-nm fiber, which is folded further in some areas by looping ▪ Even during interphase, centromeres and some other parts of chromosomes are highly condensed, similar to metaphase chromosomes ▪ This condensed chromatin is called heterochroma ...
eoc preview 3 2014
... The size of a bird population increased by two percent in one year. Which of the following could have contributed to the population increase? a. an increase in the average numberof parasites per bird b. an increase in the number of the birds’ predators c. a decrease in the immigration of birds of t ...
... The size of a bird population increased by two percent in one year. Which of the following could have contributed to the population increase? a. an increase in the average numberof parasites per bird b. an increase in the number of the birds’ predators c. a decrease in the immigration of birds of t ...
Genetic Portrait of a Yeast
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display A- 1 ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required to reproduce or display A- 1 ...
Laboratory Newsletter | 2015 vol 1
... (changes in the DNA at the base-pair level) and intragenic deletions/duplication (copies number changes within the gene of interest). However, due to the current limitations of technology, both pieces of clinically-relevant information (sequencing and deletion/duplication) cannot be obtained from a ...
... (changes in the DNA at the base-pair level) and intragenic deletions/duplication (copies number changes within the gene of interest). However, due to the current limitations of technology, both pieces of clinically-relevant information (sequencing and deletion/duplication) cannot be obtained from a ...
RRR…Replicate 10
... What type of organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food? Heterotrophs or autotrophs? ...
... What type of organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food? Heterotrophs or autotrophs? ...
Slides
... heterochromatin: dense, compact structure during interphase generally near the centromere and telomeres (chromosome ends) composed of long tracks of fairly short base pair repeats few genes compared to euchromatin euchromatin: less dense DNA that only becomes visible after condensing typically has g ...
... heterochromatin: dense, compact structure during interphase generally near the centromere and telomeres (chromosome ends) composed of long tracks of fairly short base pair repeats few genes compared to euchromatin euchromatin: less dense DNA that only becomes visible after condensing typically has g ...
msc_botnay_pre_pap1_bl2
... organelle without limiting membrane. It was discovered by Fontana in 1781. The term nucleolus was coined by Bowman (1840). The size of nucleolus is comparatively larger in those cells which have rapid rates of protein biosynthesis. The position of nucleolus is generally definite within nucleus. It i ...
... organelle without limiting membrane. It was discovered by Fontana in 1781. The term nucleolus was coined by Bowman (1840). The size of nucleolus is comparatively larger in those cells which have rapid rates of protein biosynthesis. The position of nucleolus is generally definite within nucleus. It i ...
Chromosome
A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.