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ID: A
eoc preview 3 2013
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The graph below shows how the activity of an enzyme changes over a range of pH values.
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?
a. The enzyme’s activity is greater around pH 8.0 than around pH 5.0.
b. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 5.8.
c. The enzyme’s activity continually increases as pH increases from 5.0 to 9.0.
d. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6.
2. Which of the following normally results from meiosis in a human cell that contains 46 chromosomes?
a. a liver cell with 23 chromosomes
c. a blood cell with 46 chromosomes
b. a sperm cell with 23 chromosomes
d. an egg cell with 46 chromosomes
3. Scientific evidence shows that modern dogs, wolves, and foxes all have a common ancestor. Further evidence shows that dogs are more closely related to wolves than to foxes. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that dogs are more closely related to wolves than to foxes?
a. The genetic sequences of dogs and wolves are more similar than the genetic sequences of dogs and foxes.
b. The lifespans of dogs and wolves are more similar than the lifespans of dogs and foxes.
c. The diets of dogs and wolves are more similar than the diets of dogs and foxes.
d. The body sizes of dogs and wolves are more similar than the body sizes of dogs and foxes.
4. An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size?
a. The emigration rate of the animals from the population decreased.
b. The population size of the animal’s predator increased.
c. The number of breeding pairs in the animal’s population increased.
d. The number of species competing with the animal for food decreased.
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ID: A
Biology students investigated various human digestive enzymes. The table below summarizes the functions of several different digestive enzymes.
The students conducted experiments to study digestive enzyme activity. In the first experiment, the students observed the rate at which salivary amylase breaks down starch (the substrate) in solutions with different pH values. The students then performed the same type of experiment with pepsin. The graph below shows the students’ results for the two experiments.
5. Fatty acids are one of the products that result from the action of lipase in the digestive system. What is one way that fatty acids are used in the body?
a. for encoding genetic information
c. as the building blocks of antibodies
b. as the building blocks of hemoglobin
d. for storing energy
6. Which of the following statements best describes an effect of pH on the functioning of salivary amylase?
a. Salivary amylase functions most effectively at a pH of about 7.
b. Salivary amylase cannot break down starch into maltose at pH values less than 7.
c. Salivary amylase breaks down protein instead of starch at pH values greater than 9.
d. Salivary amylase functions most effectively at a pH of about 4.
7. Salivary amylase breaks down which class of organic molecules?
a. carbohydrates
c. nucleic acids
b. proteins
d. lipids
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ID: A
8. The students also plan to conduct an experiment to study the effect of temperature on pepsin activity. Which of the following graphs shows the expected results of this experiment?
a.
c.
b.
d.
9. In tomato plants, the tall vine allele (T) is dominant to the short vine allele (t). Two tomato plants are crossed. Among the offspring plants grown from seed, 45% have tall vines and 55% have short vines. What are the most likely genotypes of the parent plants?
a. tt and tt
c. Tt and TT
b. TT and tt
d. Tt and tt
10. The diagram below shows many finch species that originated from a single ancestral finch species in the Galápagos Islands.
Which of the following statements best explains why many different finch species originated from the single ancestral species?
a. Recessive traits in populations were eliminated over time.
b. Random mutation caused some individuals to have harmful traits.
c. Populations adapted to environmental pressures.
d. Individuals acquired unique characteristics during their lifetimes.
11. A population is separated into two groups by a geographic barrier. Over time, enough differences develop between the two groups that they do not interbreed when reunited. Which of the following terms best describes the process that has occurred?
a. extinction
c. speciation
b. hybridization
d. immigration
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ID: A
12. Which of the following describes plant cells but not animal cells?
a. Mitochondria produce energy through respiration.
b. The nucleus contains the chromosomes.
c. The ribosomes assist in protein synthesis.
d. Plastids store starch made during photosynthesis.
13. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?
a. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm
b. moving substances against a concentration gradient
c. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell
d. packaging proteins for export from the cell
14. In guinea pigs, the allele for black hair (B) is dominant to the allele for brown hair (b). Two black‐haired guinea pigs are crossed. One of the guinea pigs is homozygous for black hair and one is heterozygous. 15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
What percentage of the offspring are expected to have black hair?
a. 25%
c. 100%
b. 50%
d. 75%
The size of a bird population increased by two percent in one year. Which of the following could have contributed to the population increase?
a. an increase in the average numberof parasites per bird
b. an increase in the number of the birds’ predators
c. a decrease in the immigration of birds of the same species
d. a decrease in the death rate ofbaby birds
Every year, monarch butterflies from Canada and the United States spend the winter in central Mexico. The dry and mild climate in Mexico allows the monarch butterflies to survive the winter. One winter, a week of storms caused freezing temperatures and 43 cm of snow in Mexico. What was the most likely impact of these storms on the monarch butterflies?
a. Monarch butterflies died in large numbers.
b. Monarch butterflies did not migrate from Canada and the United States the next year.
c. Monarch butterflies immediately migrated back to the United States.
d. Monarch butterflies evolved several new adaptations to survive the winter in Mexico.
The willow flycatcher is a bird species with a summer range throughout much of the United States. Which of the following would directly decrease the size of a willow flycatcher population in a given year?
a. the arrival of migrating willow flycatchers from populations in other areas
b. the hatching of a larger percentage of eggs in the willow flycatcher population
c. the emigration of male willow flycatchers that did not secure territories
d. the disappearance of a species that preys on willow flycatchers
Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch molecules can be broken down quickly.
This chemical reaction produces which of the following?
a. RNA chains
c. monosaccharides
d. lipids
b. amino acids
The human body regularly sheds and replaces its skin cells. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for replacing these cells?
a. mitosis
c. meiosis
b. transcription
d. osmosis
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ID: A
20. The diagram below provides information about a carrot cell.
A carrot cell contains 18 chromosomes. Which of the following diagrams illustrates the correct number of
chromosomes in new cells produced by mitosis?
a.
c.
b.
d.
21. Which of the following diagrams accurately represents the use of gases in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
a.
c.
b.
d.
22. Which of the following is currently a primary cause of species decline worldwide?
a. random mating
c. intraspecific competition
b. viral outbreaks
d. habitat destruction
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ID: A
23. In a mouse population inhabiting a grassland area, a mutation occurs that results in a new coat color allele.
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on whether the new coat color will become more common in the mouse population?
whether the new coat color allele is dominant or recessive
whether the new coat color allele increases the survival of mice in their environment
whether the rate of reproduction
in the mouse population
is stable
d. whether abundant food is available
in the grassland
24. Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function?
a. The nucleus produces energy.
b. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis.
c. The cell membrane packages lipids for export.
d. The lysosome digests molecules.
25. The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. a.
b.
c.
The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
send protein‐building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes
produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrients
transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm
transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes
26.
The diagram below shows the cell cycle.
Which of the following activities occurs in the G1 phase?
a. formation of the mitotic spindle
b. growth of the cell
c. replication of the DNA
d. breakdown of the nuclear membrane
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ID: A
27. Part of a marsh food web is shown below.
Which of the following statements correctly describes organisms in this food web?
a. The bacteria are decomposers.
c. The worms are carnivores.
b. The algae are consumers.
d. The birds are producers.
28. Height is a polygenic trait in humans. Which of the following statements best explains the genetics of this trait?
a. Height is controlled by a single dominant gene.
b. Height is controlled by more than one gene.
c. The gene for height is located on the X chromosome.
d. The gene for height is located on the Y chromosome.
29. Many lichens are composed of fungi and algae. The fungi get sugars from the algae, and the algae get water, minerals, and proteins from the fungi. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the organisms in the lichens?
a. competition
c. mutualism
b. parasitism
d. commensalism
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ID: A
One of the most important developments in modern medicine was the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are emerging. The rate of increase in infections caused by these antibiotic‐resistant strains of bacteria is a concern for human health.
The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of the respiratory disease pneumonia. The graph below shows trends in bacterial resistance to different antibiotics in pneumonia cases from 1986 to 1999.
30. When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely used by the Streptococcus pneumoniae to pump the antibiotic out of their cells?
a. active transport
c. facilitated diffusion
b. diffusion
d. osmosis
31. Some antibiotics work by disrupting ATP production in bacteria. Which of the following will the bacteria lack when ATP production is disrupted?
a. energy to perform life processes
c. nucleic acids to make proteins
b. cytoplasm to diffuse oxygen
d. genetic material for reproduction
32. Resistance to antibiotics results from variations in the genetic code of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which type of molecule encodes genetic information in Streptococcus pneumoniae ?
a. nucleic acid
c. protein
b. carbohydrate
d. fatty acid
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ID: A
33. In the deserts of the southwestern United States, rock formations made from lava flows are found scattered across the sand. The rock pocket mouse, which has dark fur, lives on the black lava rocks. The Apache pocket mouse, which has light fur, lives on the tan sand. Which of the following statements best explains how these two types of mice could have evolved from a common ancestor?
a. Natural selection favored different fur colors in the different habitats.
b. Individual mice changed their fur color to escape their predators.
c. The emigration of mice changed the gene pools in the original population.
d. The original population of mice spread out geographically torelieve overcrowding.
34. In the past 100 years, levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have increased as the result of the burning of fossil fuels. Other processes in the carbon cycle have absorbed some of the carbon released by this combustion. Which of the following most likely have absorbed excess carbon released by combustion?
a. plants
c. animals
b. glaciers
d. rocks
35. A species of newt produces a toxin that can kill predators. Scientists have observed that some garter snakes can feed on the newts because they have a natural resistance to the toxin. In areas where populations of newts and garter snakes interact, which of the following predictions is best supported by evolutionary theory?
a. The garter snakes without resistance to the toxin will acquire resistance by increasing the rate at which they feed on the newts.
b. The garter snakes with resistance to the toxin will successfully reproduce and pass the trait on to their offspring.
c. The newts that produce low levels of toxin will also develop camouflage adaptations that allow them to hide from the garter snakes.
d. The newts will stop making the toxin rather than continue to use energy to make a toxin that is ineffective against the garter snakes.
36. Human blood types are genetically determined. The table below shows the symbols used to represent two of the alleles for blood types and gives a description of each allele.
In homozygous individuals, two IA alleles result in blood type A and two IB alleles result in blood type B. The IA and IB alleles are codominant, resulting in blood type AB in individuals heterozygous for the two alleles. A male and a female both have blood type AB. If they have a child, what is the probability that the child will also have blood type AB?
a. ¾
c. 1/1
b. ¼
d. ½
9
ID: A
37. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. The hemoglobin molecules produced by some people have one specific amino acid that is different from the amino acid at that position in normal hemoglobin. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this amino acid variation?
a. The hemoglobin gene contains a mutation.
b. An error occurs during the folding of the hemoglobin protein.
c. An additional amino acid is mistakenly inserted into the hemoglobin during translation.
d. Enzymes replace the amino acid once the hemoglobin is produced.
38. An amoeba in a pond engulfs and consumes a paramecium. The amoeba uses which of the following to quickly break down the organic molecules in the paramecium?
a. glucose
c. polysaccharides
b. water
d. enzymes
39. European rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1859. The rabbits reproduced rapidly in their new habitat, displaced other animals, and overgrazed vegetation. In an attempt to reduce the rabbit population, a virus was introduced in 1951. This virus is usually deadly to European rabbits.
When the virus was first introduced, the rabbits died in large numbers, but the death rate decreased over time. Which of the following best explains the decrease in the rabbit death rate?
The rabbits that were originally infected with this virus have been dead for many years.
The lifespan of this virus is too short
to affect rabbits over a long period
of time.
c. Young rabbits learned to avoid being infected with this virus.
d. Natural selection favored rabbits that are resistant to this virus.
40. In a molecule of double‐stranded DNA, the amount of adenine present is always equal to the amount of
a. thymine.
c. cytosine.
b. uracil.
d. guanine.
41. An inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in serious problems in infancy. The chance that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with PKU is 25%. a.
b.
Which of the following terms best applies to the inheritance pattern for PKU?
a. codominant
c. recessive
b. sex‐linked
d. dominant
42.
Which of the following describes the relationship between the sedge and the arctic hare?
a. mutualism
c. producer‐consumer
b. competition
d. host‐parasite
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ID: A
43. Plants absorb solar energy during photosynthesis. The graph below represents how this energy is distributed in some plants.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Which of the following statements describes what happens to the energy represented by the section labeled X?
a. It is lost to the soil and the atmosphere.
b. It is consumed by decomposers.
c. It is recycled to the Sun.
d. It is used for cellular respiration and maintenance.
Which of the following best describes the formation of a zygote?
a. A sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus fuse.
b. A cell’s DNA replication and mitosis are accelerated.
c. A succession of cell divisions produces a solid mass of cells.
d. A cell with 46 chromosomes divides to form cells with 23 chromosomes each.
Which of the following matches a cell organelle with its function?
a. vacuole—energy production
c. nucleus—cell regulation
b. chloroplast—movement
d. mitochondrion—photosynthesis
In pure water, a red blood cell from an animal will swell and burst, but a leaf cell from a plant will not. Which structure in the leaf cell is responsible for this difference?
a. mitochondrion
c. cell membrane
b. nucleus
d. cell wall
In fish of the species Perissodus microlepis, some individuals have mouths that open to the right and some individuals have mouths that open to the left. The direction of the mouth opening is a genetic trait controlled by a single gene. The allele for a right‐opening mouth (R) is dominant to the allele for a left‐opening mouth (r). If two fish heterozygous for the mouth trait are crossed, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?
a. 1 right‐opening mouth : 3 left‐opening mouth
b. 3 right‐opening mouth : 1 left‐opening mouth
c. 4 right‐opening mouth : 0 left‐opening mouth
d. 2 right‐opening mouth : 2 left‐opening mouth
48. Which type of cell must contain a mutation in order for the mutation to be passed from a woman to her offspring?
a. skin cell
c. brain cell
b. egg cell
d. blood cell
49. Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism?
a. A bacterium breaks down dead plant materials.
b. A virus uses both a bird and a horse as hosts.
c. A bird eats food particles from a crocodile’s teeth.
d. A lion eats a gazelle.
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ID: A
50. Which of the following is the best example of an organism maintaining homeostasis?
a. a wolf panting after a chase
b. a spider catching an insect in a web
c. a cricket becoming infected by a virus
d. a mole digging tunnels in the ground
51. Which of the following crosses does not follow Mendel’s law of segregation?
a. Two tall pea plants (Tt x Tt) are expected to produce some tall offspring plants.
b. A tall pea plant and a short pea plant (TT x tt) are expected to produce all tall offspring plants.
c. A tall pea plant and a short pea plant (Tt x tt) are expected to produce all tall offspring plants.
d. Two tall pea plants (Tt x Tt) are expected to produce some short offspring plants.
52. A partial food web is shown below.
Which of the following changes is most likely to occur if the sparrow population decreases?
a. The fox population decreases.
b. The hawk population increases.
c. The grasshopper population competes less with the praying mantis population.
d. The hawk population and the fox population prey more heavily on grasshoppers.
53. A hurricane sweeps across a small Caribbean island, killing 50 percent of the herbivore species on the island. Which of the following is the most immediate result?
a. an increase in predator populations
c. an acceleration of the carbon cycle
b. a decline in decomposer populations
d. a reduction in biodiversity
54. The diagram below represents a single‐stranded segment of DNA. Which of the following represents the complementary DNA strand that would form from this strand during replication?
a.
b.
c.
d.
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine
thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, adenine
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine
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ID: A
eoc preview 3 2013
Answer Section
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