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DNA
DNA

... daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. ...
Chapter 3
Chapter 3

... the 20 types of amino acids needed for development into a human being. The codes for each particular gene can vary, although usually they do not. Some genes have alternate versions of base pairs, with transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs not found in other versions of the same gen ...
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AP Biology Chapter 15 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Guided
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CHARGE Region Probe - FISH Probes from Cytocell

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Mutation and Genetic Change

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SEGREGATION RATIOS–general reference

... Others are “paleopolyploid” or diploidized polyploids, e.g. maize and soybean It is proposed that any species with >10 chromosomes could be a paleopolyploid o Gene mapping experiments have shown duplicated regions within a genome quite well; e.g. soybean (Shoemaker et al., 1996). o Every soybean lin ...
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Patterns of gene duplication and sex chromosomes evolution

... 2. Another possibility is hitch-hiking: favorable mutant alleles arise on the proto-Y and rise in frequency to fixation, concomitantly fixing deleterious alleles on the same chromosome. 3. Background selection, selection against strongly deleterious mutations, will have the effect of reducing the po ...
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... the first autosomal genes to be physically mapped in the dog. We have great confidence in the assignments, based on the idiogram by Stone and associates (1991). There is some discussion of developing an internationally agreed upon karyotype for the dog. We have employed the one developed by Stone an ...
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... Hypothesis: correlates with distribution of tuberculosis. CF carriers may have been more resistant to TB infection due to elevated of levels of lung mucous. ...
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Genetic Engineering - Needham Public Schools
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... They could be fraternal twins – occurs when more then one egg is released from the ovary or ovaries at the same time, and more then one egg is successfully fertilized, thus they will have different DNA. One girl may not be producing enough eye pigment. If they are identical twins, there could be a m ...
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gical examination of material from

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Mendel Punnett
Mendel Punnett

... In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are dominant over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett Square for a heterozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant. ...
Lecture 2 4285 2015 - Scheid Signalling Lab @ York University
Lecture 2 4285 2015 - Scheid Signalling Lab @ York University

... • How do you “lose” chromosome 15? – Microdeletion of 15q11-13 on one chromsome – 70% ...
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Chromosome



A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.
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