Optical, Confocal, and 4Pi Microscopy
... are used to collect light from the sample. Typically, a standard compound microscope will have three objective lenses: a scanning lens, a low power lens, and a high power lens. Advanced microscopes have an additional lens called an oil immersion lens. The stage is placed below the objective lens and ...
... are used to collect light from the sample. Typically, a standard compound microscope will have three objective lenses: a scanning lens, a low power lens, and a high power lens. Advanced microscopes have an additional lens called an oil immersion lens. The stage is placed below the objective lens and ...
Laser ranging: a critical review of usual techniques
... directions. On the horizontal axis are the physical dimensions of the ‘‘volume of view’’ along the X, Y, and Z directions, assuming that the volume of view is a cube. Vertically are the number of pixels 共voxels兲 resolved along the three-axis. A few typical laser wavelengths are shown. This graph can ...
... directions. On the horizontal axis are the physical dimensions of the ‘‘volume of view’’ along the X, Y, and Z directions, assuming that the volume of view is a cube. Vertically are the number of pixels 共voxels兲 resolved along the three-axis. A few typical laser wavelengths are shown. This graph can ...
Advanced Applications
... beam is identical to that of the pump beam but propagates in the opposite direction; thus the Doppler shift observed from this beam is of opposite sign. Hence, only atoms with zero velocity will be in resonance with both the pump and probe beams. If the laser frequency is in resonance with zero-velo ...
... beam is identical to that of the pump beam but propagates in the opposite direction; thus the Doppler shift observed from this beam is of opposite sign. Hence, only atoms with zero velocity will be in resonance with both the pump and probe beams. If the laser frequency is in resonance with zero-velo ...
Practical Aspects of Mirror Usage in Optical Systems for
... be linearly polarized, meaning that the field vector points at a fixed angle with time in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation; or circularly polarized, when the tip of the vector traces a circular path with time in that plane; or, most generally of all, elliptically polarized, wh ...
... be linearly polarized, meaning that the field vector points at a fixed angle with time in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation; or circularly polarized, when the tip of the vector traces a circular path with time in that plane; or, most generally of all, elliptically polarized, wh ...
Practical Aspects of Mirror Usage in Optical Systems for
... be linearly polarized, meaning that the field vector points at a fixed angle with time in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation; or circularly polarized, when the tip of the vector traces a circular path with time in that plane; or, most generally of all, elliptically polarized, wh ...
... be linearly polarized, meaning that the field vector points at a fixed angle with time in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation; or circularly polarized, when the tip of the vector traces a circular path with time in that plane; or, most generally of all, elliptically polarized, wh ...
High-Repetition TDS System
... signal, and (3) a dispersion-flattened dispersion-decreasing fiber (DF-DDF) for compressing the shaped optical pulse. When the MZM is driven by a sinusoidal RF signal (sin ωt) such that Equation (1) is satisfied, continuous wave light input at a wavelength of λ0 becomes the flat optical comb signal, ...
... signal, and (3) a dispersion-flattened dispersion-decreasing fiber (DF-DDF) for compressing the shaped optical pulse. When the MZM is driven by a sinusoidal RF signal (sin ωt) such that Equation (1) is satisfied, continuous wave light input at a wavelength of λ0 becomes the flat optical comb signal, ...
Optical Metrology vs SEM. Range, Accuracy, Repeatability
... limited to feature sizes generally larger than the measurement wavelength; so continued use of conventional techniques has depended on use of shorter wavelength illumination as features shrink. The use of SEMs is now increasing, but SEM tool cost is high and SEM measurements have a number of other d ...
... limited to feature sizes generally larger than the measurement wavelength; so continued use of conventional techniques has depended on use of shorter wavelength illumination as features shrink. The use of SEMs is now increasing, but SEM tool cost is high and SEM measurements have a number of other d ...
Physical Optics
... The study of light has been an important part of science from its beginning. The ancient Greeks and, prior to the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars provided important insights. With the coming of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries, optics, in the shape of telescopes and microscopes ...
... The study of light has been an important part of science from its beginning. The ancient Greeks and, prior to the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars provided important insights. With the coming of the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries, optics, in the shape of telescopes and microscopes ...
Wavelength Converters in Optical Communication Systems
... converters while “10-20dBm” is needed for fiber based converters. Because of the low conversion efficiencies the signal-to noise ratio for the converted signals needs attention, especially if converters have to be cascaded. Experiments using SOA converters with very long cavities have, however, resu ...
... converters while “10-20dBm” is needed for fiber based converters. Because of the low conversion efficiencies the signal-to noise ratio for the converted signals needs attention, especially if converters have to be cascaded. Experiments using SOA converters with very long cavities have, however, resu ...
Study on high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) silicon p
... According to the foregoing scheme, shallow junction photodiode 2CU series (2CU stands for photodiode fabricated on the substrate of the n-type silicon) were manufactured using standard CMOS technology. Then the properties of these devices are tested and analyzed, and finally the approaches to enhanc ...
... According to the foregoing scheme, shallow junction photodiode 2CU series (2CU stands for photodiode fabricated on the substrate of the n-type silicon) were manufactured using standard CMOS technology. Then the properties of these devices are tested and analyzed, and finally the approaches to enhanc ...
fabrication, characterization and application of dispersive gradient
... One of the main characteristics of the short pulse is a broad spectral range. All these spectral components in the pulse have to be in a specific manner or, as it is called, “in phase” to form a transform limited pulse [5]. This means that the pulse is then travelling in a dispersive medium, and pha ...
... One of the main characteristics of the short pulse is a broad spectral range. All these spectral components in the pulse have to be in a specific manner or, as it is called, “in phase” to form a transform limited pulse [5]. This means that the pulse is then travelling in a dispersive medium, and pha ...
4.1 Simulated Emission and Photon Amplification
... The principle of the LASER. (a) Atoms in the ground state are pumped up to the energy level E3 by incoming photons of energy hυ13 = E3 –E1 . (b) Atoms at E3 rapidly decay to the metastable state at energy level E2 by emitting photons or emitting lattice vibrations; hυ32 = E3 –E2 . (c) As the states ...
... The principle of the LASER. (a) Atoms in the ground state are pumped up to the energy level E3 by incoming photons of energy hυ13 = E3 –E1 . (b) Atoms at E3 rapidly decay to the metastable state at energy level E2 by emitting photons or emitting lattice vibrations; hυ32 = E3 –E2 . (c) As the states ...
Second Harmonic Generation Technique and its Applications
... dipolar or combination of both contributions. There exists a large class of phase matchable organic and inorganic single crystals, with large second order NLO susceptibilities. Some examples of currently used and commercialized non-centrosymmetric single crystals for the frequency up conversion, OPO ...
... dipolar or combination of both contributions. There exists a large class of phase matchable organic and inorganic single crystals, with large second order NLO susceptibilities. Some examples of currently used and commercialized non-centrosymmetric single crystals for the frequency up conversion, OPO ...
Noise-related resolution limit of dispersion measurements with white
... lasers17,18 and semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,19 narrowband phase oscillations might also occur, depending on the device design. Even for picosecond lasers, the dispersion effects can sometimes be important and may have to be measured. In general, dispersion characterization is a valuable ...
... lasers17,18 and semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors,19 narrowband phase oscillations might also occur, depending on the device design. Even for picosecond lasers, the dispersion effects can sometimes be important and may have to be measured. In general, dispersion characterization is a valuable ...
Optical Filters for Laser-based Fluorescence Microscopes
... DPSS laser in the future), nor for systems that use semiconductor lasers. The spectral output from diode and optically pumped semiconductor lasers can vary appreciably from laser to laser, with temperature, and as the lasers age. Therefore for most laser microscopy systems broader excitation filters ...
... DPSS laser in the future), nor for systems that use semiconductor lasers. The spectral output from diode and optically pumped semiconductor lasers can vary appreciably from laser to laser, with temperature, and as the lasers age. Therefore for most laser microscopy systems broader excitation filters ...
Characterisation of the Humidity and Temperature Responses of a
... characterised by high accuracy in the order of a fraction of a percent. However, such devices need a power source; they are relatively complex, expensive and bulky devices which include electronic components. Holographic sensors can find application where cheap, disposable relative humidity indicato ...
... characterised by high accuracy in the order of a fraction of a percent. However, such devices need a power source; they are relatively complex, expensive and bulky devices which include electronic components. Holographic sensors can find application where cheap, disposable relative humidity indicato ...
PCT form - 1 - DESCRIPTION OPTICAL MEASURING DEVICE AND
... which a particle group to be measured is dispersed; electrodes and a power supply used to apply an electric field having a space period to the sample in the sample storing unit; a light source irradiating light onto the sample in the sample storing unit; a detection optical ...
... which a particle group to be measured is dispersed; electrodes and a power supply used to apply an electric field having a space period to the sample in the sample storing unit; a light source irradiating light onto the sample in the sample storing unit; a detection optical ...
1 simultaneous polarization squeezing of all three stokes
... relation but the individual fluctuations can be reduced and this gives the well known concept of squeezing. In classical optics the polarization state of light beam can be visualized as direction of a Stokes vector in Poincare sphere and is determined by the four Stokes parameters [1,2] S0 , S1 , S ...
... relation but the individual fluctuations can be reduced and this gives the well known concept of squeezing. In classical optics the polarization state of light beam can be visualized as direction of a Stokes vector in Poincare sphere and is determined by the four Stokes parameters [1,2] S0 , S1 , S ...
Manuscript2 - Open Research Exeter
... (<1000X limit) [7–9]. The cassegrain however typically has a lower acceptance angle due to the 2 reflective stages in comparison to the 1 refraction stage of the Fresnel lens [7,8]. There has been much research into the cassegrain type concentrator [10–18] for its greater compactness [16,19] and hig ...
... (<1000X limit) [7–9]. The cassegrain however typically has a lower acceptance angle due to the 2 reflective stages in comparison to the 1 refraction stage of the Fresnel lens [7,8]. There has been much research into the cassegrain type concentrator [10–18] for its greater compactness [16,19] and hig ...
Simultaneous calibration of optical tweezers spring constant and
... may be considerable variability in the axial position of the particle with respect to the tweezers center which affects the lateral calibration coefficients and which can only be minimized by sufficient averaging. This situation was remedied by Vermeulen et al. [8] who acquired the detector response ...
... may be considerable variability in the axial position of the particle with respect to the tweezers center which affects the lateral calibration coefficients and which can only be minimized by sufficient averaging. This situation was remedied by Vermeulen et al. [8] who acquired the detector response ...
