Order Parameters P2 , P4 , and P6 of Aligned Nematic Liquid
... for characterization of orientation are as follows: (i) for correct determination of order parameter, one needs to know angle χ, or should choose dyes with χ close to zero, and (ii) only ⟨P2⟩ can be determined. EPR spectroscopy (spin probe and spin label method) is rather widely used for study of dy ...
... for characterization of orientation are as follows: (i) for correct determination of order parameter, one needs to know angle χ, or should choose dyes with χ close to zero, and (ii) only ⟨P2⟩ can be determined. EPR spectroscopy (spin probe and spin label method) is rather widely used for study of dy ...
Full-Text PDF
... as one may think by looking at Figure 2. In fact, in Figure 3, we report the behaviors of ε, σ and n over a wide range of Γ values for a given frequency, ωinc = 3.73 × 1015. From these plots we can extrapolate some important information. First, we see from Equation (4) that Γ = 0 leads to Im(ε) = 0 ...
... as one may think by looking at Figure 2. In fact, in Figure 3, we report the behaviors of ε, σ and n over a wide range of Γ values for a given frequency, ωinc = 3.73 × 1015. From these plots we can extrapolate some important information. First, we see from Equation (4) that Γ = 0 leads to Im(ε) = 0 ...
Imaging with Terahertz Pulses
... Spectroscopic measurements require an analysis method for THz waveforms. Typically, one measures the transmitted, timedomain waveform both with and without a sample present and then performs a Fourier deconvolution in order to extract material parameters. The success of this method requires precise ...
... Spectroscopic measurements require an analysis method for THz waveforms. Typically, one measures the transmitted, timedomain waveform both with and without a sample present and then performs a Fourier deconvolution in order to extract material parameters. The success of this method requires precise ...
Size Estimation of Protein Clusters in the Nanometer Range by
... The topological analysis of the three dimensional nanostructure of biological macromolecule complexes is of basic importance for modern cell biology. It is highly desirable to develop methods for a detailed analysis of biological nanostructures in three-dimensionally conserved cells. Here, one of th ...
... The topological analysis of the three dimensional nanostructure of biological macromolecule complexes is of basic importance for modern cell biology. It is highly desirable to develop methods for a detailed analysis of biological nanostructures in three-dimensionally conserved cells. Here, one of th ...
Theoretical and experimental characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy
... frequency of 2 p ⫺ s is resonantly enhanced when p ⫺ s is tuned to a Raman band, which can be used as the vibrational contrast in CARS microscopy. Other nonlinear optical techniques, such as second-harmonic generation,17–19 sum-frequency generation,20 and thirdharmonic generation,21,22 have ...
... frequency of 2 p ⫺ s is resonantly enhanced when p ⫺ s is tuned to a Raman band, which can be used as the vibrational contrast in CARS microscopy. Other nonlinear optical techniques, such as second-harmonic generation,17–19 sum-frequency generation,20 and thirdharmonic generation,21,22 have ...
Signal Transmission in a Human Body Medium
... electronical devices, signal transmission within the human body may suffer from great distortion, therefore, anti-interference properties are another important characteristic required by the sensor. Recently, two kinds of sensors have been chosen, the electrical sensor and electro-optical (EO) senso ...
... electronical devices, signal transmission within the human body may suffer from great distortion, therefore, anti-interference properties are another important characteristic required by the sensor. Recently, two kinds of sensors have been chosen, the electrical sensor and electro-optical (EO) senso ...
Observation of Stimulated Emission of Surface Plasmon Polaritons Muralidhar Ambati, Sung Hyun Nam,
... the optical gain deterioration due to change in occupation probability density of each manifold according to Boltzmann distribution and the probability of occupation for levels at the top of each manifold increases with increasing temperature.29 Second, metal loss increases due to increased electro ...
... the optical gain deterioration due to change in occupation probability density of each manifold according to Boltzmann distribution and the probability of occupation for levels at the top of each manifold increases with increasing temperature.29 Second, metal loss increases due to increased electro ...
Conformational Evolution of Elongated Polymer Solutions Tailors
... transition from ideal to real chain conformation occurs at n ≅ 2.7 beads (point B′ in Figure 4a). The corresponding defects concentration (19% of monomers) is much higher than typical values (<10%, equivalent to n > 5),27 and therefore the conformation of subchains is close to ideal (θ-solvent line ...
... transition from ideal to real chain conformation occurs at n ≅ 2.7 beads (point B′ in Figure 4a). The corresponding defects concentration (19% of monomers) is much higher than typical values (<10%, equivalent to n > 5),27 and therefore the conformation of subchains is close to ideal (θ-solvent line ...
Transversal ultrasonic probe
... Ultrasonic testing of solid materials may require probing very small areas of a material. This can be done by coupling flat ultrasonic shear wave transducers to conical tips1. In many cases implying simultaneous detection of shear and longitudinal components, it can be very difficult to detect selec ...
... Ultrasonic testing of solid materials may require probing very small areas of a material. This can be done by coupling flat ultrasonic shear wave transducers to conical tips1. In many cases implying simultaneous detection of shear and longitudinal components, it can be very difficult to detect selec ...
Thermal Lensing in a Nd:YAG Laser Rod
... Figure 2 shows the experimental setup for the measurement of the effective focal length with a He-Ne gas laser. The collimated output from the gas laser operated at 6328 A is passed through the YAG crystal, the beam waist is measured as a function of the distance from the second principal plane of t ...
... Figure 2 shows the experimental setup for the measurement of the effective focal length with a He-Ne gas laser. The collimated output from the gas laser operated at 6328 A is passed through the YAG crystal, the beam waist is measured as a function of the distance from the second principal plane of t ...
The Response of Polarization Maintaining Fibers upon Temperature
... From the relation Eq. (10) it is obvious an assignment of components on the right side of the equation to the corresponding components of Stokes vector. Unit matrix corresponds to the component S0 , the component with multiple sinφ corresponds to S2 and the component with multiple cosφ corresponds t ...
... From the relation Eq. (10) it is obvious an assignment of components on the right side of the equation to the corresponding components of Stokes vector. Unit matrix corresponds to the component S0 , the component with multiple sinφ corresponds to S2 and the component with multiple cosφ corresponds t ...
375_Lo.pdf
... refractive indices of the linear birefringence sample can be calculated by Equation (7) if the order and the exactly apparent phase retardation are correctly chosen. It should be noticed that the dynamic range in measuring the apparent phase retardation is restricted in the range of 0~90°. Thus, the ...
... refractive indices of the linear birefringence sample can be calculated by Equation (7) if the order and the exactly apparent phase retardation are correctly chosen. It should be noticed that the dynamic range in measuring the apparent phase retardation is restricted in the range of 0~90°. Thus, the ...
Quadratic behavior of fiber Bragg grating temperature coefficients
... interferometer, and a Fourier transform was applied, resulting in the amplitude spectra of the FBGs. The FWHM of the three gratings’ spectra were measured to be 0.8, 0.2, and 0.9 nm for the 1524-, 1549-, and 1573-nm gratings, respectively. Bragg wavelength can be calculated by a number of techniques ...
... interferometer, and a Fourier transform was applied, resulting in the amplitude spectra of the FBGs. The FWHM of the three gratings’ spectra were measured to be 0.8, 0.2, and 0.9 nm for the 1524-, 1549-, and 1573-nm gratings, respectively. Bragg wavelength can be calculated by a number of techniques ...
The Double Etalon filter in Vernier configuration
... The practical consequence is that for any device, for which side mode suppression is highly recommended, the difference n2d2 n1d must be as large as possible. When using identical Etalons, this difference cannot be practically achieved by simple changes in the refractive index: if, for instance, t ...
... The practical consequence is that for any device, for which side mode suppression is highly recommended, the difference n2d2 n1d must be as large as possible. When using identical Etalons, this difference cannot be practically achieved by simple changes in the refractive index: if, for instance, t ...
Light Microscopy [10 credits]
... Description: Practical aspects of the brightfield microscope; Köhler illumination Author(s): Prof Andrew Jarman Learning Objectives Describe the practical aspects of the brightfield microscope Explain the importance of optimal illumination in brightfield microscopy Lecture 2 Title: Determinants ...
... Description: Practical aspects of the brightfield microscope; Köhler illumination Author(s): Prof Andrew Jarman Learning Objectives Describe the practical aspects of the brightfield microscope Explain the importance of optimal illumination in brightfield microscopy Lecture 2 Title: Determinants ...
Investigation of ultrafast demagnetization and cubic optical
... Excitation by intense sub-picosecond laser pulses can cause a ferromagnet to be demagnetized on time scales shorter than the spin-lattice relaxation time.1,2 The spin dynamics may be investigated by means of magneto-optical pump-probe measurements. When pumping with elliptically polarized light, an ...
... Excitation by intense sub-picosecond laser pulses can cause a ferromagnet to be demagnetized on time scales shorter than the spin-lattice relaxation time.1,2 The spin dynamics may be investigated by means of magneto-optical pump-probe measurements. When pumping with elliptically polarized light, an ...
Generalizing the Confocal Microscope via Heterodyne Interferometry and Digital Filtering
... larger than 2π introduce an ambiguity, which in this case is mitigated since depth-discrimination supplies additional height information. The electronic scanning system is very fast, accurate, and repeatable. It is coupled to a data acquisition system of our own design (Hobbs 1987) which allows it t ...
... larger than 2π introduce an ambiguity, which in this case is mitigated since depth-discrimination supplies additional height information. The electronic scanning system is very fast, accurate, and repeatable. It is coupled to a data acquisition system of our own design (Hobbs 1987) which allows it t ...
4Pi Microscopy
... The speed of the MMM-4Pi depends on the degree of parallelization N. The parallelization in turn depends on the available laser power. The average power of 1 to 2 mW in each 4Pi spot leads to a focal peak intensity of ~80 GW/cm2, which is lower than the ~200 GW/cm2 considered as an upper limit with ...
... The speed of the MMM-4Pi depends on the degree of parallelization N. The parallelization in turn depends on the available laser power. The average power of 1 to 2 mW in each 4Pi spot leads to a focal peak intensity of ~80 GW/cm2, which is lower than the ~200 GW/cm2 considered as an upper limit with ...
Physical weathering of building stones induced by freeze–thaw
... in Table 1 represent results of single measurements. The investigated rocks show a broad spectrum of pore radii distributions (Table 1). All samples are characterised by a large amount of micropores below 0.10 lm. Based on this, the average pore radius is also equal or lower than 0.11 lm (Table 1). ...
... in Table 1 represent results of single measurements. The investigated rocks show a broad spectrum of pore radii distributions (Table 1). All samples are characterised by a large amount of micropores below 0.10 lm. Based on this, the average pore radius is also equal or lower than 0.11 lm (Table 1). ...
~ ) Pergamon
... unit. The signal-to-noise ratio of the sampled analog signal is thus improved by reducing the sensitivity to changes in the ambient light level. The signal filtering electronic unit is tuned to the chopping frequency. The light is then collimated by a fixed 33 mm focal length quartz lens and polariz ...
... unit. The signal-to-noise ratio of the sampled analog signal is thus improved by reducing the sensitivity to changes in the ambient light level. The signal filtering electronic unit is tuned to the chopping frequency. The light is then collimated by a fixed 33 mm focal length quartz lens and polariz ...
Enhancement of absorption and color contrast in
... of transparent materials are a cornerstone of modern optical technology.1 These coatings utilize the principle of thin film interference to enable effects such as anti-reflection (AR) and high-reflection (HR), the former being especially important for imaging equipment such as microscope objectives, ...
... of transparent materials are a cornerstone of modern optical technology.1 These coatings utilize the principle of thin film interference to enable effects such as anti-reflection (AR) and high-reflection (HR), the former being especially important for imaging equipment such as microscope objectives, ...
Spontaneous, stimulated, coherent and incoherent nonlinear wave
... the molecule is in the state |g ′ ⟩ with one emitted photon in the detected mode. The energy difference between the initial and final states of the molecule is supplied by the difference between the incoming and the signal modes (in Fig. 2 it corresponds to ω1 + ω2 − ωs ). The expectation value of the ...
... the molecule is in the state |g ′ ⟩ with one emitted photon in the detected mode. The energy difference between the initial and final states of the molecule is supplied by the difference between the incoming and the signal modes (in Fig. 2 it corresponds to ω1 + ω2 − ωs ). The expectation value of the ...
Scanning joule expansion microscopy
Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy is a form of scanning probe microscopy heavily based on atomic force microscopy that maps the temperature distribution along a surface. Resolutions down to 10 nm have been achieved and 1 nm resolution is theoretically possible. Thermal measurements at the nanometer scale are of both academic and industrial interest, particularly in regards to nanomaterials and modern integrated circuits.