OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS, OR APPARATUS (G02F takes
... • Other IPC classes which are not used for classification are: • G02B 7/185 - G02B 7/198 (subject-matter covered by G02B 7/182 and subgroups), • G02B 27/18 (subject-matter covered in H04N and G03B), and • G02B 27/24 (subject-matter covered by G02B 27/22 and subgroups). Indexing Codes in general: Cla ...
... • Other IPC classes which are not used for classification are: • G02B 7/185 - G02B 7/198 (subject-matter covered by G02B 7/182 and subgroups), • G02B 27/18 (subject-matter covered in H04N and G03B), and • G02B 27/24 (subject-matter covered by G02B 27/22 and subgroups). Indexing Codes in general: Cla ...
Orbital angular momentum: origins
... of the electromagnetic field [4]. For the case of circular polarization, the axial component of the electromagnetic field is an unavoidable consequence of the radial gradient in intensity that occurs at the edge of the beam or the measurement system. A detailed treatment of these edge effects, for a ...
... of the electromagnetic field [4]. For the case of circular polarization, the axial component of the electromagnetic field is an unavoidable consequence of the radial gradient in intensity that occurs at the edge of the beam or the measurement system. A detailed treatment of these edge effects, for a ...
New initiatives - Major Instrumentation
... 500 mm diameter fiber fed by two micro-lenses with spherical surfaces. ...
... 500 mm diameter fiber fed by two micro-lenses with spherical surfaces. ...
Metal Nanoparticles for Microscopy and Spectroscopy
... Above the plasma frequency, a metal is not strongly reflective, but changes into a transparent material because the electrons cannot respond fast enough to screen the field. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them reflective in the visible range. Some metals, such as c ...
... Above the plasma frequency, a metal is not strongly reflective, but changes into a transparent material because the electrons cannot respond fast enough to screen the field. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them reflective in the visible range. Some metals, such as c ...
الشريحة 1
... Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word "diffraction" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1665.[2][3] In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is desc ...
... Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word "diffraction" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1665.[2][3] In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is desc ...
Optical interference component irradiances."
... 1) Silvered surface of beam-splitter (BS) is towards right side (back side). 2) Beam which is reflected by M2 passes through glass of BS three times. 3) Beam which is reflected by M1 passes through glass of BS once. We need to insert “compensator plate” C in arm OM1. Exact Duplicate of BS without th ...
... 1) Silvered surface of beam-splitter (BS) is towards right side (back side). 2) Beam which is reflected by M2 passes through glass of BS three times. 3) Beam which is reflected by M1 passes through glass of BS once. We need to insert “compensator plate” C in arm OM1. Exact Duplicate of BS without th ...
optical properties of skin, subcutaneous, and muscle tissues
... directly correct experimental ¯ndings obtained with the aid of integrating spheres. The term \doubling" in the name of the method means that the re°ection and transmission estimates for a layer at certain ingoing and outgoing light angles may be used to calculate both the transmittance and re°ectanc ...
... directly correct experimental ¯ndings obtained with the aid of integrating spheres. The term \doubling" in the name of the method means that the re°ection and transmission estimates for a layer at certain ingoing and outgoing light angles may be used to calculate both the transmittance and re°ectanc ...
Silicon-on-Insulator Grating Duplexer for Fiber-to-the
... duplexing operation and fiber-to-chip interfacing is presented in figure 1. It consists of a one-dimensional grating structure defined on an SOI waveguide platform. The single mode optical fiber is tilted by an angle θ with respect to the vertical axis. While in standard fiber-to-waveguide grating c ...
... duplexing operation and fiber-to-chip interfacing is presented in figure 1. It consists of a one-dimensional grating structure defined on an SOI waveguide platform. The single mode optical fiber is tilted by an angle θ with respect to the vertical axis. While in standard fiber-to-waveguide grating c ...
00800001a2_9.pdf
... in the development of lasers as coherent light source as well as the automated computer-assisted fringe analysis together with the development of high-resolution detector arrays based on CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology. For micro- and nanotech ...
... in the development of lasers as coherent light source as well as the automated computer-assisted fringe analysis together with the development of high-resolution detector arrays based on CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology. For micro- and nanotech ...
Chapter 30 . Optical Testing
... numbers must be assigned to each point. The wavefront can then be characterized by direct analysis of the fringe centers. If desired, instead of global interpolation, a local interpolation procedure may be used. To analyze the fringes by a computer, they must first be digitized by locating the fring ...
... numbers must be assigned to each point. The wavefront can then be characterized by direct analysis of the fringe centers. If desired, instead of global interpolation, a local interpolation procedure may be used. To analyze the fringes by a computer, they must first be digitized by locating the fring ...
Visibility study of graphene multilayer structures Guoquan Teo and
... substrates: quartz and NiFe (60 nm) coated Si wafer. The graphite flakes obtained by mechanical exfoliation were transferred to the substrates which include SLG, BLG and FLG sheets. Subsequently, the contrast and Raman spectra were measured to identify SLG and BLG sheets. After that, a thin layer (~ ...
... substrates: quartz and NiFe (60 nm) coated Si wafer. The graphite flakes obtained by mechanical exfoliation were transferred to the substrates which include SLG, BLG and FLG sheets. Subsequently, the contrast and Raman spectra were measured to identify SLG and BLG sheets. After that, a thin layer (~ ...
Light at work: The use of optical forces for particle manipulation
... description of the field of optical micro-manipulation but we would rather like to present an overview of various optical micro-manipulation techniques, comment on their features, and describe their interesting applications. The review should help researchers, especially those working outside of the ...
... description of the field of optical micro-manipulation but we would rather like to present an overview of various optical micro-manipulation techniques, comment on their features, and describe their interesting applications. The review should help researchers, especially those working outside of the ...
Laser-based displays: a review - Optical Microsystems Laboratory
... highly astigmatic beam. In order to obtain high power, an array of diodes is often used. Although higher power can be obtained from such an array, the fill factor is much less compared to single emitters, and special techniques are required for producing uniform illumination and for fiber coupling [ ...
... highly astigmatic beam. In order to obtain high power, an array of diodes is often used. Although higher power can be obtained from such an array, the fill factor is much less compared to single emitters, and special techniques are required for producing uniform illumination and for fiber coupling [ ...
diffraction uniformly illuminated circular aperture
... DIFFRACTION UNIFORMLY ILLUMINATED CIRCULAR APERTURE If a small hole in an opaque screen is placed between a light source and an observation screen then the shadow of the hole does not have a sharp outline as predicted by geometrical optics. On close examination of the shadow on the observation scree ...
... DIFFRACTION UNIFORMLY ILLUMINATED CIRCULAR APERTURE If a small hole in an opaque screen is placed between a light source and an observation screen then the shadow of the hole does not have a sharp outline as predicted by geometrical optics. On close examination of the shadow on the observation scree ...
Holographic 3-D Displays - Electro-holography within
... Holography was invented by Dennis Gabor in 1947 (Gabor, 1948), but high-quality holograms could only be made on photographic film, which for technical reasons preclude animation. By this classic holography, the 3-D scene information is encoded in the entire hologram, i.e. every tiny region or pixel ...
... Holography was invented by Dennis Gabor in 1947 (Gabor, 1948), but high-quality holograms could only be made on photographic film, which for technical reasons preclude animation. By this classic holography, the 3-D scene information is encoded in the entire hologram, i.e. every tiny region or pixel ...
Electron Cryomicroscopic Visualization of PomA/B
... dissolved in Chaps solutions did not show any structural features by electron microscopy, the complex was reconstituted into lipid vesicles, and the proteoliposomes embedded in vitreous ice were observed. A similar observation has been reported for a membrane protein, the low-density lipoprotein (LD ...
... dissolved in Chaps solutions did not show any structural features by electron microscopy, the complex was reconstituted into lipid vesicles, and the proteoliposomes embedded in vitreous ice were observed. A similar observation has been reported for a membrane protein, the low-density lipoprotein (LD ...
Fluorescence of coumarins and xanthenes after two
... therefore been proposed that the enhanced resolution that is available through UV light can be achieved without the need for special UV optics.9 This has been proven for confocal fluorescence microscopy, showing that two-photon absorption leads to a confinement of the illumination volume.10 In these ...
... therefore been proposed that the enhanced resolution that is available through UV light can be achieved without the need for special UV optics.9 This has been proven for confocal fluorescence microscopy, showing that two-photon absorption leads to a confinement of the illumination volume.10 In these ...
Modeling Light Scattering in Tissue as Continuous Random Media
... systems poses a challenge to studying length scales less than the diffraction limit (about half the wavelength). Some very clever techniques have been developed to sidestep this issue, including STED, STORM, and other super resolution methods [1]. These methods enable imaging or reconstruction of ex ...
... systems poses a challenge to studying length scales less than the diffraction limit (about half the wavelength). Some very clever techniques have been developed to sidestep this issue, including STED, STORM, and other super resolution methods [1]. These methods enable imaging or reconstruction of ex ...
Optimal pupil size in the human eye for axial resolution
... beam to obtain axial resolution. In an SLO with an optimally sized confocal pinhole, the effective point-spread function (PSF) is proportional to the square of the intensity of the three-dimensional (3D) point-spread function,7 even when the eye has aberrations.8 The squaring is a direct optical pro ...
... beam to obtain axial resolution. In an SLO with an optimally sized confocal pinhole, the effective point-spread function (PSF) is proportional to the square of the intensity of the three-dimensional (3D) point-spread function,7 even when the eye has aberrations.8 The squaring is a direct optical pro ...
Polarization of Light
... stretching a polymer sheet and infusing it with iodine. The stretching caused the polymer chains to align along a common direction, whereupon the sheet was cemented to a substrate. The infusion of iodine caused the individual chains to become conductive, like microscopic wires. When light impinges u ...
... stretching a polymer sheet and infusing it with iodine. The stretching caused the polymer chains to align along a common direction, whereupon the sheet was cemented to a substrate. The infusion of iodine caused the individual chains to become conductive, like microscopic wires. When light impinges u ...
Fiber Waveguide
... takes the shortest path but travels most slowly as the index is largest along this path. Oblique rays have a large part of their path in a medium of lower refractive index, where they travel faster. It is therefore possible for all rays to arrive together at the fiber output by a suitable choice of ...
... takes the shortest path but travels most slowly as the index is largest along this path. Oblique rays have a large part of their path in a medium of lower refractive index, where they travel faster. It is therefore possible for all rays to arrive together at the fiber output by a suitable choice of ...
Interference and Interferometry [Pedrotti^3 Ch. 7 & Ch. 8]
... Coherence of Light As shown on previous pages, most available light sources emit a range wavelengths. For many photonic applications it is desirable to have a "monochromatic" (ideal) point light source. An ideal light source would emit only one exact frequency f0 and its physical size would be infi ...
... Coherence of Light As shown on previous pages, most available light sources emit a range wavelengths. For many photonic applications it is desirable to have a "monochromatic" (ideal) point light source. An ideal light source would emit only one exact frequency f0 and its physical size would be infi ...
spectroscopic ellipsometry as a versatile tool to study thin films
... 2. To study the optical properties (n, k) of TiO2 and Ho2O3 single-layer thin film materials, 3. To show the ability of SE in characterizing multilayer laminated thin films in terms of thickness and optical properties for each layer, and further 4. To highlight the advantage of SE in determining the ...
... 2. To study the optical properties (n, k) of TiO2 and Ho2O3 single-layer thin film materials, 3. To show the ability of SE in characterizing multilayer laminated thin films in terms of thickness and optical properties for each layer, and further 4. To highlight the advantage of SE in determining the ...
Acousto-Optic Devices and Applications
... When an acoustic wave propagates in an optically transparent medium, it produces a periodic modulation of the index of refraction via the elasto-optical effect. This provides a moving phase grating which may diffract portions of an incident light into one or more directions. This phenomenon, known a ...
... When an acoustic wave propagates in an optically transparent medium, it produces a periodic modulation of the index of refraction via the elasto-optical effect. This provides a moving phase grating which may diffract portions of an incident light into one or more directions. This phenomenon, known a ...
Optical Components and Devices for Next-Generation
... electrical-to-optical (E/O) bandwidth of over 30 GHz. However, there is a tradeoff between the E/O bandwidth and drive voltage, both of which depend on the parameters of the CPW electrodes. Conventionally, CPW electrodes with a narrow gap and short interaction length have been used, resulting in a d ...
... electrical-to-optical (E/O) bandwidth of over 30 GHz. However, there is a tradeoff between the E/O bandwidth and drive voltage, both of which depend on the parameters of the CPW electrodes. Conventionally, CPW electrodes with a narrow gap and short interaction length have been used, resulting in a d ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.