community context of an obligate mutualism
... Abstract. Obligate pollination mutualisms have been central to our understanding of the ecology and evolution of mutualisms. Although usually viewed as pairwise interactions, obligate mutualists also interact with other community members that may impact the mutualism. In this study, we examined the ...
... Abstract. Obligate pollination mutualisms have been central to our understanding of the ecology and evolution of mutualisms. Although usually viewed as pairwise interactions, obligate mutualists also interact with other community members that may impact the mutualism. In this study, we examined the ...
Accepted manuscript
... high connectance indicates a rich web of links between species (Rozdilsky and Stone, 2001). When c < 1, αij = 0 with probability (1 - c). Specifically, for a given community size, I varied c by finding the number of elements that corresponded to the minimum non-zero ...
... high connectance indicates a rich web of links between species (Rozdilsky and Stone, 2001). When c < 1, αij = 0 with probability (1 - c). Specifically, for a given community size, I varied c by finding the number of elements that corresponded to the minimum non-zero ...
Metridia lucens - Association for the Sciences of Limnology and
... Patterns of DVM may show great spatio-temporal variations due, for example, to variations in the abundance of both vertebrate and invertebrate planktivores (Ohman 1990). For studies made over short time and space scales, these spatio-temporal variations may obscure intertaxa differences in DVM. By p ...
... Patterns of DVM may show great spatio-temporal variations due, for example, to variations in the abundance of both vertebrate and invertebrate planktivores (Ohman 1990). For studies made over short time and space scales, these spatio-temporal variations may obscure intertaxa differences in DVM. By p ...
Competition Within and Between Species of Parasitoid Wasps
... Many experiments have demonstrated that the more two species in a habitat differ in their resource use, the more likely it is that they can, in fact, coexist (Krebs, 1994). Even two species with a great deal of overlap may live together for some time, although competitive interactions often suppress ...
... Many experiments have demonstrated that the more two species in a habitat differ in their resource use, the more likely it is that they can, in fact, coexist (Krebs, 1994). Even two species with a great deal of overlap may live together for some time, although competitive interactions often suppress ...
Diadema antillarum (Long-spined Black Urchin)
... as commensals. They are mostly active during the night. During the day, they may hide in crevices within the reef (Fig. 2) or occur in large aggregations in clear areas. They are able to predict the level of protection that a crevice can provide against predators. Low-quality crevices are vacated mo ...
... as commensals. They are mostly active during the night. During the day, they may hide in crevices within the reef (Fig. 2) or occur in large aggregations in clear areas. They are able to predict the level of protection that a crevice can provide against predators. Low-quality crevices are vacated mo ...
Ecosystem engineers on plants: indirect facilitation of arthropod
... (dry and rainy seasons). We predict that rolled leaves can amplify arthropod diversity at both the leaf and plant levels and that this effect is stronger in dry seasons, when arthropods are prone to desiccation. Our results show that the abundance, richness, and biomass of arthropods within several ...
... (dry and rainy seasons). We predict that rolled leaves can amplify arthropod diversity at both the leaf and plant levels and that this effect is stronger in dry seasons, when arthropods are prone to desiccation. Our results show that the abundance, richness, and biomass of arthropods within several ...
... ANPP does not differ in exclosures vs. open areas (Knapp et al. 2012). Thus, the primary production from within the herbivore exclosures adequately represents the plant production available to herbivores across the growing season. To assess woody vegetation abundance, we conducted belt transect surv ...
simplifying the study of competition at the individual plant level
... commercial tree seedlings to resources. This greatly reduces the number of plant-resource interactions that must be studied to make predictions about the short-term impact of competition. Similar interactions may be important in more natural settings—what determines whether a species can persist in ...
... commercial tree seedlings to resources. This greatly reduces the number of plant-resource interactions that must be studied to make predictions about the short-term impact of competition. Similar interactions may be important in more natural settings—what determines whether a species can persist in ...
Herbivores Promote Habitat Specialization by Trees in Amazonian
... quality, this phenomenon could account for the high degree of habitat specialization in environmentally heterogeneous areas within tropical systems. The lowland Amazonian ever-wet rainforest in the Allpahuayo-Mishana Reserve near Iquitos, Peru (3°57⬘S, 73°26⬘W), provides an ideal system to study hab ...
... quality, this phenomenon could account for the high degree of habitat specialization in environmentally heterogeneous areas within tropical systems. The lowland Amazonian ever-wet rainforest in the Allpahuayo-Mishana Reserve near Iquitos, Peru (3°57⬘S, 73°26⬘W), provides an ideal system to study hab ...
rocky shore snails as material for projects (with a key for their
... Some 270 species of marine snail (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda; Sub-Class Prosobranchia) live in the seas around the British Isles (Graham, 1988) and their empty shells may be found on many beaches. Most of these species are small (less than 3 mm long) or live beneath the tidemarks. The key, ov ...
... Some 270 species of marine snail (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda; Sub-Class Prosobranchia) live in the seas around the British Isles (Graham, 1988) and their empty shells may be found on many beaches. Most of these species are small (less than 3 mm long) or live beneath the tidemarks. The key, ov ...
Translocation strategies for multiple species depend on interspecific
... threatened species encourages managers to move competing species into the same reserves. In New Zealand, three threatened reptile species, Sphenodon punctatus, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, and Oligosoma smithi, were reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi Island, an island that already held other native and p ...
... threatened species encourages managers to move competing species into the same reserves. In New Zealand, three threatened reptile species, Sphenodon punctatus, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, and Oligosoma smithi, were reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi Island, an island that already held other native and p ...
Patterns of among- and within-species variation in
... increases monotonically as CP increases (type 1 in Fig. 1). This relationship would occur when both CP and HP grains are deposited with each pollinator visit, as expected when an evenly diverse assemblage of pollinators of similar quality visit flowers. Little variation in HP load size is expected a ...
... increases monotonically as CP increases (type 1 in Fig. 1). This relationship would occur when both CP and HP grains are deposited with each pollinator visit, as expected when an evenly diverse assemblage of pollinators of similar quality visit flowers. Little variation in HP load size is expected a ...
78 /. W. Martin and C. E. Cash
... is also true of the Podonidae (Figs 21, 22). In contrast, cercopagidids have a first thoracopod grossly different in size and shape from legs 2 and 3. Additionally, polyphemids possess a well developed, easily identifiable and setose exopod on the basal-most segment of all thoracopods (although more ...
... is also true of the Podonidae (Figs 21, 22). In contrast, cercopagidids have a first thoracopod grossly different in size and shape from legs 2 and 3. Additionally, polyphemids possess a well developed, easily identifiable and setose exopod on the basal-most segment of all thoracopods (although more ...
Effects of species diversity on the primary productivity of ecosystems
... The number of studies examining how species diversity influences the productivity of ecosystems has increased dramatically in the past decade as concern about global loss of biodiversity has intensified. Research to date has greatly improved our understanding of how, when, and why species loss alter ...
... The number of studies examining how species diversity influences the productivity of ecosystems has increased dramatically in the past decade as concern about global loss of biodiversity has intensified. Research to date has greatly improved our understanding of how, when, and why species loss alter ...
Supporting Materials
... find an expression for Gj in terms of m and uj : N − R∗ Gj = m(uj − 1) N + R∗ (uj − 1) ...
... find an expression for Gj in terms of m and uj : N − R∗ Gj = m(uj − 1) N + R∗ (uj − 1) ...
Development of a subtidal epifaunal community at the island of
... mum (73 individuals 100 cm-"~) on the one-month panel and B. schlosseri was still frequently settling (36 single "individuals"). On the series-A panel it already covered ca. 15 % of the total area (692 ingestion openings). The stolons of L. geniculata reached their widest expansion at the same time ...
... mum (73 individuals 100 cm-"~) on the one-month panel and B. schlosseri was still frequently settling (36 single "individuals"). On the series-A panel it already covered ca. 15 % of the total area (692 ingestion openings). The stolons of L. geniculata reached their widest expansion at the same time ...
ICES CM 0:37, Deepwater Fish and Fisheries Can ecological knowledge catch
... Nova Scotia, near the southern limit of where the species is found in any number . Thefishery in the western North Atlantic never concentrated in just one area, but ranged widely and eventually swept systematically across almost the entire range occupied by the species. ...
... Nova Scotia, near the southern limit of where the species is found in any number . Thefishery in the western North Atlantic never concentrated in just one area, but ranged widely and eventually swept systematically across almost the entire range occupied by the species. ...
Species resistance and community response to wind disturbance
... 1 Severe winds are the predominant cause of natural disturbance in temperate forests of north-eastern and north-central North America. Conceptual models of the effects of wind disturbance have traditionally focused on the impacts of catastrophic disturbances and have painted a simple picture of how ...
... 1 Severe winds are the predominant cause of natural disturbance in temperate forests of north-eastern and north-central North America. Conceptual models of the effects of wind disturbance have traditionally focused on the impacts of catastrophic disturbances and have painted a simple picture of how ...
Dow, R. 1942a. The relation between prey and sex in the cicada
... presented in these studies suggests that there is no relationship between the size of the female wasps and the size of their prey. Consequently, the sample of cicada prey brought to nests by the wasps is presumed to be representative of the population of potential prey available in the local enviro ...
... presented in these studies suggests that there is no relationship between the size of the female wasps and the size of their prey. Consequently, the sample of cicada prey brought to nests by the wasps is presumed to be representative of the population of potential prey available in the local enviro ...
full text
... complete fossil isopods, however, do show enough variation in their exoskeleton to be differentiated at the generic level. Hyžný et al. (2013) published a useful key for fossil cirolanid genera exclusively on the basis of posterior exoskeleton parts. According to this key, the 31 mm long present spe ...
... complete fossil isopods, however, do show enough variation in their exoskeleton to be differentiated at the generic level. Hyžný et al. (2013) published a useful key for fossil cirolanid genera exclusively on the basis of posterior exoskeleton parts. According to this key, the 31 mm long present spe ...
Pollination biology of the crypto-viviparous Avicennia species
... by ants, wasps, bugs, flies, bee-flies, cantherid beetles, and moths but the most common visitor is Apis mellifera. Tomlinson (1986) described that A. alba, A. marina and A. officinalis have very similar flowers and hence may well be served by the same class, if not the same species of pollinators; ...
... by ants, wasps, bugs, flies, bee-flies, cantherid beetles, and moths but the most common visitor is Apis mellifera. Tomlinson (1986) described that A. alba, A. marina and A. officinalis have very similar flowers and hence may well be served by the same class, if not the same species of pollinators; ...
disturbance moderates biodiversity–ecosystem
... uniformly over the working section of the stream. Larvae were given 10 min to colonize pore spaces before flow in the streams was gradually increased to 24 cm/ s (measured midchannel at half depth). Any larvae drifting out of the working section were captured in a drift net (Fig. 2), discarded, and ...
... uniformly over the working section of the stream. Larvae were given 10 min to colonize pore spaces before flow in the streams was gradually increased to 24 cm/ s (measured midchannel at half depth). Any larvae drifting out of the working section were captured in a drift net (Fig. 2), discarded, and ...
Facilitative or competitive effects of woody plants on understorey
... (1995) that reported direct measurements of herbaceous production or peak biomass in both subcanopy areas and open grasslands and also contained information about the woody species. We followed the same selection criteria as Dohn et al. (2013). Any studies reporting heavy grazing in the study area w ...
... (1995) that reported direct measurements of herbaceous production or peak biomass in both subcanopy areas and open grasslands and also contained information about the woody species. We followed the same selection criteria as Dohn et al. (2013). Any studies reporting heavy grazing in the study area w ...
Get cached
... Calmer conditions in a bay ensure greater opportunities for feeding than do open coast conditions (Feder 1970). Asexual regeneration of arms is a characteristic of the Asteroidea. Regeneration of entire individual can occur from small portions of the arm, but is not possible without some portion of ...
... Calmer conditions in a bay ensure greater opportunities for feeding than do open coast conditions (Feder 1970). Asexual regeneration of arms is a characteristic of the Asteroidea. Regeneration of entire individual can occur from small portions of the arm, but is not possible without some portion of ...
Scaling up keystone effects from simple to complex
... factors that potentially constrain the latter’s growth such as Ôbottom-upÕ physical resource supply, Ôtop-downÕ predation on S1 by NK1, and ÔhorizontalÕ exploitation and ÔapparentÕ (Holt 1977) competition with S1 by additional basal species (Sn). Here, ÔpredationÕ generically refers to trophic consu ...
... factors that potentially constrain the latter’s growth such as Ôbottom-upÕ physical resource supply, Ôtop-downÕ predation on S1 by NK1, and ÔhorizontalÕ exploitation and ÔapparentÕ (Holt 1977) competition with S1 by additional basal species (Sn). Here, ÔpredationÕ generically refers to trophic consu ...
Ficus rubiginosa
Ficus rubiginosa, the rusty fig, Port Jackson fig, or little-leaf fig (damun in the Sydney language) is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae that is native to eastern Australia. It is a banyan of the genus Ficus which contains around 750 species worldwide in warm climates, including the common fig (Ficus carica). Ficus rubiginosa can grow to 30 m (100 ft) high and nearly as wide with a buttressed trunk, and glossy green leaves.