Observed and projected trends in Antarctic sea ice
... Mechanisms of Southern Ocean surface cooling and sea ice expansion What has driven the apparent variation in Southern Ocean conditions about this gradual warming trend (Figure 2), and what has driven the recent period of surface cooling and sea ice expansion (Figure 1) in particular? One possible ca ...
... Mechanisms of Southern Ocean surface cooling and sea ice expansion What has driven the apparent variation in Southern Ocean conditions about this gradual warming trend (Figure 2), and what has driven the recent period of surface cooling and sea ice expansion (Figure 1) in particular? One possible ca ...
Stories in IPRC Climate
... often in small areas for special regional experiments. Figure 2 illustrates how deployment and currents interact. Hundreds of drifters were let loose close to the equator but they were soon pushed to higher latitudes by the divergence associated with the equatorial upwelling forming the famous “cold ...
... often in small areas for special regional experiments. Figure 2 illustrates how deployment and currents interact. Hundreds of drifters were let loose close to the equator but they were soon pushed to higher latitudes by the divergence associated with the equatorial upwelling forming the famous “cold ...
Oceanography
... 4. Understands the nature of scientific knowledge. 5. Understands the nature of scientific inquiry. ...
... 4. Understands the nature of scientific knowledge. 5. Understands the nature of scientific inquiry. ...
TSUNAMI GLOSSARY
... earthquake occurred. It is one of the indicators, along with magnitude and type of fault motion, of whether a tsunami will be propagated as a result of an earthquake. Area that should be evacuated prior to the arrival of a tsunami. The number of times a wave is produced within a certain time period. ...
... earthquake occurred. It is one of the indicators, along with magnitude and type of fault motion, of whether a tsunami will be propagated as a result of an earthquake. Area that should be evacuated prior to the arrival of a tsunami. The number of times a wave is produced within a certain time period. ...
Wealth from the Oceans: Use, Stewardship, and Security
... the themes of use, stewardship, and security, beginning with use, which typically converts wealth into cash. Use is the business not only of pirates, divers, and fishermen but stevedores, chandlers, and oilmen, too. Time has changed the relative magnitude of uses greatly since doubloons, pearls, cod ...
... the themes of use, stewardship, and security, beginning with use, which typically converts wealth into cash. Use is the business not only of pirates, divers, and fishermen but stevedores, chandlers, and oilmen, too. Time has changed the relative magnitude of uses greatly since doubloons, pearls, cod ...
Dynamics of the Bering Sea - the National Sea Grant Library
... Vast as the Bering Sea is (2.3 million km2 according to Fairbridge [1966]), it is a convenient microcosm for such a synthesis. Although the basin is semi-enclosed, in a geographical sense, it actively exchanges with the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific. Atmospheric forcing is on a large scale, wit ...
... Vast as the Bering Sea is (2.3 million km2 according to Fairbridge [1966]), it is a convenient microcosm for such a synthesis. Although the basin is semi-enclosed, in a geographical sense, it actively exchanges with the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific. Atmospheric forcing is on a large scale, wit ...
Ammonia concentrations in nutrient deplete oceanic waters
... In wide areas of the world’s oceans phytoplankton productivity is limited by the availability of nitrogen. The surface waters and the surface mixed layers of many temperate oceans, eg the Atlantic, typically are greatly depleted of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite ...
... In wide areas of the world’s oceans phytoplankton productivity is limited by the availability of nitrogen. The surface waters and the surface mixed layers of many temperate oceans, eg the Atlantic, typically are greatly depleted of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite ...
Chapter 15
... zooplankton are quite mobile over short distances but are still considered to be drifting organisms. Related or supporting concepts: - Zooplankton are very diverse with representatives from nearly every animal phylum. - Zooplankton exhibit a variety of strategies for survival in a world where reprod ...
... zooplankton are quite mobile over short distances but are still considered to be drifting organisms. Related or supporting concepts: - Zooplankton are very diverse with representatives from nearly every animal phylum. - Zooplankton exhibit a variety of strategies for survival in a world where reprod ...
Full-Text PDF
... Sea ice is an important component of the climate system. Sea ice cover can change the surface albedo, which in turn acts to reinforce the initial alteration in ice area [1–3]. Extensive sea ice over Arctic regions is largely involved in heat, moisture, and momentum exchanges between the atmosphere a ...
... Sea ice is an important component of the climate system. Sea ice cover can change the surface albedo, which in turn acts to reinforce the initial alteration in ice area [1–3]. Extensive sea ice over Arctic regions is largely involved in heat, moisture, and momentum exchanges between the atmosphere a ...
WIND AND BUOYANCY-FORCED UPPER OCEAN
... convective overturning, can then cause deeper, generally cooler, water to be entrained and mixed into the surface mixed layer (Figure 1). Thus entrainment mixing typically causes the SST to cool and the mixed layer to deepen. As discussed in the next section, entrainment mixing can also be generated ...
... convective overturning, can then cause deeper, generally cooler, water to be entrained and mixed into the surface mixed layer (Figure 1). Thus entrainment mixing typically causes the SST to cool and the mixed layer to deepen. As discussed in the next section, entrainment mixing can also be generated ...
Introduction to Marine Science
... Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments Some of the many accomplishments of this mission include: First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters Discovered marine organisms in the d ...
... Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments Some of the many accomplishments of this mission include: First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters Discovered marine organisms in the d ...
Marine Unit 1 PPT
... Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments Some of the many accomplishments of this mission include: First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters Discovered marine organisms in the d ...
... Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments Some of the many accomplishments of this mission include: First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters Discovered marine organisms in the d ...
Exchange processes between the Gulf of Finland and
... waves limited by the fetch to the peninsula of Porkkala in the west combined with longer attenuated waves from the open sea. This finding was confirmed by a simple model relying on a combination of fetch-limited growth curves and the quantification of the low-frequency energy from FMI’s operational ...
... waves limited by the fetch to the peninsula of Porkkala in the west combined with longer attenuated waves from the open sea. This finding was confirmed by a simple model relying on a combination of fetch-limited growth curves and the quantification of the low-frequency energy from FMI’s operational ...
• The ridges and trenches on the ocean bottom cause corresponding
... two to four inches over most of the globe. "The altimeter sent out a thousand pulses each second and recorded the time it took for those radar pulses to bounce off the sea surface," says Haxby. "It did this contin uously until the satellite failed." The resulting data-some eight billion readings in ...
... two to four inches over most of the globe. "The altimeter sent out a thousand pulses each second and recorded the time it took for those radar pulses to bounce off the sea surface," says Haxby. "It did this contin uously until the satellite failed." The resulting data-some eight billion readings in ...
Manned Submersibles, the Efficient Tools for Exploring Deep
... of meters to take scientists directly to the depths of the Oceans to conduct underwater observations and sampling operations [1517]. Compared with other underwater vehicles, the manned submersible can take marine biologists to the deep sea and the biologists will get a direct view to the deep-sea cr ...
... of meters to take scientists directly to the depths of the Oceans to conduct underwater observations and sampling operations [1517]. Compared with other underwater vehicles, the manned submersible can take marine biologists to the deep sea and the biologists will get a direct view to the deep-sea cr ...
Sound speed in the Mediterranean Sea
... regular grid and then deriving SS. This can be justified because in this way the information contained in the measurements can be better exploited also when only temperature or salinity is available. At the same time, this work can take full advantage of the data quality control and analysis carried ...
... regular grid and then deriving SS. This can be justified because in this way the information contained in the measurements can be better exploited also when only temperature or salinity is available. At the same time, this work can take full advantage of the data quality control and analysis carried ...
Deep-sea genetic resources - Archimer
... when disturbance is occurring; their high proportion of rare species allows them to respond to a large set of unpredictable events (e.g. diverse inputs of organic matter or chemical energy). If our knowledge of deep-sea animais is still in its infancy and subject to re evaluation, the situation is b ...
... when disturbance is occurring; their high proportion of rare species allows them to respond to a large set of unpredictable events (e.g. diverse inputs of organic matter or chemical energy). If our knowledge of deep-sea animais is still in its infancy and subject to re evaluation, the situation is b ...
Seamounts, New - The Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping
... Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that “the continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the ...
... Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that “the continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the ...
The Oceans - Academic Program Pages
... amed by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who believed it to be free of violent storms, the Pacific Ocean is not, in fact, so pacific. Its tropics can be roiled by typhoons, and its shores can feel the brunt of tsunamis—great waves generated by earthquakes. Traveling much faster than any of th ...
... amed by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who believed it to be free of violent storms, the Pacific Ocean is not, in fact, so pacific. Its tropics can be roiled by typhoons, and its shores can feel the brunt of tsunamis—great waves generated by earthquakes. Traveling much faster than any of th ...
The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
Shallow-Water Waves
... Wave Speed is C - Group Speed is V wave speed = wavelength / period or C=L/T T is determined by generating force so it remain the same after the wave formed, but C changes. In general, the longer the wavelength the faster the wave energy will move through the water. ...
... Wave Speed is C - Group Speed is V wave speed = wavelength / period or C=L/T T is determined by generating force so it remain the same after the wave formed, but C changes. In general, the longer the wavelength the faster the wave energy will move through the water. ...
- OD Nature
... fish stock management since early spring diatom blooms determine food availability at the fish larval development stage [20]. A new AB timing product has been developed for such purposes [21]. Marine mammal distributions are known to be related to environmental conditions, particularly those relatin ...
... fish stock management since early spring diatom blooms determine food availability at the fish larval development stage [20]. A new AB timing product has been developed for such purposes [21]. Marine mammal distributions are known to be related to environmental conditions, particularly those relatin ...
Ocean
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
PDF
... filtered seawater samples were collected and analyzed for depths ranging from the surface to 6000 m, sampling all the ocean water masses in the western basin of the subtropical North Atlantic and several stations on the North and South American continental slopes. The lowest surface abundances of CD ...
... filtered seawater samples were collected and analyzed for depths ranging from the surface to 6000 m, sampling all the ocean water masses in the western basin of the subtropical North Atlantic and several stations on the North and South American continental slopes. The lowest surface abundances of CD ...
Salinity
... were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking. This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: "Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink." Although humans cannot s ...
... were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking. This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: "Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink." Although humans cannot s ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.