
Analysis of wave heights and wind speeds in the Adriatic Sea
... more developed sea state, these waves should persist longer on the sea surface than less developed, steeper waves that tend to diminish more quickly. These findings are in line with those found in the reviewed literature. From the wind polar plot it can be noticed that the strongest winds are record ...
... more developed sea state, these waves should persist longer on the sea surface than less developed, steeper waves that tend to diminish more quickly. These findings are in line with those found in the reviewed literature. From the wind polar plot it can be noticed that the strongest winds are record ...
Safeguarding the Health of Oceans
... captured 87 million tons of fish from the sea. On average, people receive about 6 percent of their total protein and 16 percent of their animal protein from fish, as well as critical vitamins and nutrients. For nearly 1 billion people, mostly in Asia, fish supplies 30 percent of protein. Most of the ...
... captured 87 million tons of fish from the sea. On average, people receive about 6 percent of their total protein and 16 percent of their animal protein from fish, as well as critical vitamins and nutrients. For nearly 1 billion people, mostly in Asia, fish supplies 30 percent of protein. Most of the ...
Seismic Waves File
... The ability of the wave to travel through the material depends very much upon its properties. By study Earthquake waves, seismologists are able to indirectly ‘see’ into the depths of the Earth and tell us about its structure. Earthquakes Earthquakes happen when rocks suddenly fracture and move. The ...
... The ability of the wave to travel through the material depends very much upon its properties. By study Earthquake waves, seismologists are able to indirectly ‘see’ into the depths of the Earth and tell us about its structure. Earthquakes Earthquakes happen when rocks suddenly fracture and move. The ...
Mantle Convection and Global Sea Level: Implications for the
... previous work of parameterized convection, this is a reasonable approximation at least for the past 3 Gy. Given the values of hoc *, f d, M w*, M d*, and Mr*, the values of M d, M r, M w, and sea water volume Vo for geological time can be calculated backward in time. Sea Floor Elevation. The average ...
... previous work of parameterized convection, this is a reasonable approximation at least for the past 3 Gy. Given the values of hoc *, f d, M w*, M d*, and Mr*, the values of M d, M r, M w, and sea water volume Vo for geological time can be calculated backward in time. Sea Floor Elevation. The average ...
Eddy-mediated transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water across
... local ice shelf cavities. The observed retreat of the region’s marine-terminating glaciers has been attributed to changes in the thickness or depth of this CDW layer [Jacobs et al., 2011; Schmidtko et al., 2014]. Several recent studies have highlighted that mesoscale eddies could make an important c ...
... local ice shelf cavities. The observed retreat of the region’s marine-terminating glaciers has been attributed to changes in the thickness or depth of this CDW layer [Jacobs et al., 2011; Schmidtko et al., 2014]. Several recent studies have highlighted that mesoscale eddies could make an important c ...
oceans, seafloor, and continental margins
... widespread features of the sea floor. • Seamounts rise more than a kilometer from the ocean floor and are remnants of oceanic ridge volcanoes; Guyots have the same origin but are flat‐topped . • Aseismic ridges consisting of seamounts and guyots extend in a perpendicular orientation from many s ...
... widespread features of the sea floor. • Seamounts rise more than a kilometer from the ocean floor and are remnants of oceanic ridge volcanoes; Guyots have the same origin but are flat‐topped . • Aseismic ridges consisting of seamounts and guyots extend in a perpendicular orientation from many s ...
The Submarine Volcano Eruption off El Hierro Island: Effects on the
... The 38 kHz echogram (Fig. 3) recorded during the acoustic transect on 7 November 2011 (Fig. 2b) was dominated by two scattering layers: the DSL at around 300–700 m depth during both day and night and the MSL above 200 m during nighttime. According to catches (Table 1) those scattering layers were co ...
... The 38 kHz echogram (Fig. 3) recorded during the acoustic transect on 7 November 2011 (Fig. 2b) was dominated by two scattering layers: the DSL at around 300–700 m depth during both day and night and the MSL above 200 m during nighttime. According to catches (Table 1) those scattering layers were co ...
Introduction to Marine Science
... without being at the mercy of the wind and currents) Submarines (made possible by the inventions of the diesel engine, electric motor, and lead batteries) Science and technology feed each other as funding from countries and private industry increases Technology needs for wars also increase tec ...
... without being at the mercy of the wind and currents) Submarines (made possible by the inventions of the diesel engine, electric motor, and lead batteries) Science and technology feed each other as funding from countries and private industry increases Technology needs for wars also increase tec ...
Research on Hydrothermal Vents-Amit
... keen observation for that. We can also works how animal can survive in such extreme environment. There is plenty of research need to verify the organism and their faunal diversity in vents system. Comparison between shallow water hydrothermal vents and nearby sea: This kind of study can be very usef ...
... keen observation for that. We can also works how animal can survive in such extreme environment. There is plenty of research need to verify the organism and their faunal diversity in vents system. Comparison between shallow water hydrothermal vents and nearby sea: This kind of study can be very usef ...
Persistent organic pollutants in ocean sediments from the North
... blanks of an artificial sediment matrix each consisting of a mixture of 9 g sodium sulfate and 1 g C8 resin were made, and treated/ handled in the same way as the samples. The CHINARE 5 cruise samples were dried by Buchner filtration before the sediment was ground and homogenized. 15 g of the dried se ...
... blanks of an artificial sediment matrix each consisting of a mixture of 9 g sodium sulfate and 1 g C8 resin were made, and treated/ handled in the same way as the samples. The CHINARE 5 cruise samples were dried by Buchner filtration before the sediment was ground and homogenized. 15 g of the dried se ...
Biogeographic_Atlas_..
... likely to have differing substrates and influence on oceanography. This approach was used in order to improve the technique as a predictor of physical conditions that may influence benthic communities. We have tried to avoid the traditional classification continental slope and rise because distingui ...
... likely to have differing substrates and influence on oceanography. This approach was used in order to improve the technique as a predictor of physical conditions that may influence benthic communities. We have tried to avoid the traditional classification continental slope and rise because distingui ...
Observed development of the vertical structure of the marine
... (MABL). In the marine environment, due to the high thermal capacity of the water body, the surface fluxes and the evolution of the vertical structure of the MABL depend on several factors, mainly the geographic location (open ocean, coastal waters, enclosed seas) and the synoptic conditions. In coas ...
... (MABL). In the marine environment, due to the high thermal capacity of the water body, the surface fluxes and the evolution of the vertical structure of the MABL depend on several factors, mainly the geographic location (open ocean, coastal waters, enclosed seas) and the synoptic conditions. In coas ...
Tropical Marginal Seas
... The tropical ocean globally covers 50% of open water and 30% of the continental shelf (Longhurst & Pauly 1987). Tropical marginal seas (TMSs)—basins a few thousand kilometers in extent that are connected with the open ocean and bounded by at least one island arc (Mazarovich 2011)—form natural subreg ...
... The tropical ocean globally covers 50% of open water and 30% of the continental shelf (Longhurst & Pauly 1987). Tropical marginal seas (TMSs)—basins a few thousand kilometers in extent that are connected with the open ocean and bounded by at least one island arc (Mazarovich 2011)—form natural subreg ...
spatiotemporal features of coastal waters in southwest finland
... In coastal waters marine and fresh water characteristics may alternate, and physicochemical water properties interact with the living environment accordingly (Gasiῡnaitė et al. 2005, Hoikkala 2012, Kowalczuk 1999). Fresh waters carry substances filtrated through the natural environment and human act ...
... In coastal waters marine and fresh water characteristics may alternate, and physicochemical water properties interact with the living environment accordingly (Gasiῡnaitė et al. 2005, Hoikkala 2012, Kowalczuk 1999). Fresh waters carry substances filtrated through the natural environment and human act ...
A Mediterranean Forecasting System for deep and coastal areas
... stratified) were less important than local wind effects and tidal forcing in the region. While this can be true for the Northern European shelf areas, it is not true for the remaining parts of the north-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and other regions of the global ocean where deep ocean effect ...
... stratified) were less important than local wind effects and tidal forcing in the region. While this can be true for the Northern European shelf areas, it is not true for the remaining parts of the north-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and other regions of the global ocean where deep ocean effect ...
Lesson 3: Protecting Ocean Hotspots
... Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. 1b. An ocean basin’s size, shape and features (such as islands, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys) vary due to the movement of Earth’ lithospheric plates. Earth’s highest peaks, deepest valleys and flattest vast plains are all in the ocean. 1c. Throughout the ocea ...
... Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. 1b. An ocean basin’s size, shape and features (such as islands, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys) vary due to the movement of Earth’ lithospheric plates. Earth’s highest peaks, deepest valleys and flattest vast plains are all in the ocean. 1c. Throughout the ocea ...
Georgakas D. Konstantinos
... warmer, saltier coastal waters and currents from the subtropics meet the colder, fresher waters flowing up from the south. Where these currents collide—known to oceanographers as a shelf-break front—turbulent eddies and swirls form, pulling nutrients up from the deep ocean. Also, the nearby Rio de l ...
... warmer, saltier coastal waters and currents from the subtropics meet the colder, fresher waters flowing up from the south. Where these currents collide—known to oceanographers as a shelf-break front—turbulent eddies and swirls form, pulling nutrients up from the deep ocean. Also, the nearby Rio de l ...
The Ocean Floor - NVHSEarthScienceOlsen
... What is the main source of dissolved substances in the ocean? (1 pt) In general, what causes an increase in salinity? (1 pt) What are specific things that increase salinity? (3 pts) In general, what causes a decrease in salinity? (1 pt) What specific things decrease salinity? (2 pts) Where is the hi ...
... What is the main source of dissolved substances in the ocean? (1 pt) In general, what causes an increase in salinity? (1 pt) What are specific things that increase salinity? (3 pts) In general, what causes a decrease in salinity? (1 pt) What specific things decrease salinity? (2 pts) Where is the hi ...
Sea-floor sediments and bedforms around Turkey
... However, the most prominent characteristic of this area is the presence of numerous grave! patches and sand dunes on the sea ftoor (Figs. 2B, 3). The former were previously interpreted by Bodur and Ergin (1988a) as grave! waves. However, the creation of such features requires a current speed of more ...
... However, the most prominent characteristic of this area is the presence of numerous grave! patches and sand dunes on the sea ftoor (Figs. 2B, 3). The former were previously interpreted by Bodur and Ergin (1988a) as grave! waves. However, the creation of such features requires a current speed of more ...
Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Abstract
... In the summer months when the warmed surface waters melt the sea ice, the melt produces a cold, fresh layer at the surface, giving rise to the formation of an underlying near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM) layer whose heat, derived from the local incoming summer solar radiation, is trapped by st ...
... In the summer months when the warmed surface waters melt the sea ice, the melt produces a cold, fresh layer at the surface, giving rise to the formation of an underlying near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM) layer whose heat, derived from the local incoming summer solar radiation, is trapped by st ...
Salinity Patterns in the Ocean
... Salinity is a seawater property related to the amount of matter, mainly consisting of salts, dissolved in the water (see Salinity, Volume 1). The original definition of salinity was in terms of grams of dissolved salts per kilogram of seawater. Salinity is now defined in terms of seawater conductivi ...
... Salinity is a seawater property related to the amount of matter, mainly consisting of salts, dissolved in the water (see Salinity, Volume 1). The original definition of salinity was in terms of grams of dissolved salts per kilogram of seawater. Salinity is now defined in terms of seawater conductivi ...
Determination of flushing characteristics of the Irish Sea: a spatial
... that describes its ability to renew water contained in it. In literature, it is most often ...
... that describes its ability to renew water contained in it. In literature, it is most often ...
An Overview of the Ocean
... Sandwich!” Quest) on how water in an area, but with different contents, “finds its level” and will not be a homogeneous mix. Following this, Activity Four a , (“Living in the Zone or To Each His Own” Quest) introduces students to what factors scientists use to determine which organism lives where in ...
... Sandwich!” Quest) on how water in an area, but with different contents, “finds its level” and will not be a homogeneous mix. Following this, Activity Four a , (“Living in the Zone or To Each His Own” Quest) introduces students to what factors scientists use to determine which organism lives where in ...
English
... source of particular food web dynamics, the loss of which will affect also a number of mammalian and avian predatory species. The particularly pronounced physical changes of Arctic ice conditions as already observed and expected for the coming decades, will require careful ecological monitoring. Eve ...
... source of particular food web dynamics, the loss of which will affect also a number of mammalian and avian predatory species. The particularly pronounced physical changes of Arctic ice conditions as already observed and expected for the coming decades, will require careful ecological monitoring. Eve ...
[1 pt] X.
... surface. The ocean and the atmosphere exchange gas with one another. CO2 increases in surface waters. CO2 dissolved in ocean surface waters forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which then dissociates to form H+ (hydrogen ion) and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion). The concentration of each of these ions is pH depende ...
... surface. The ocean and the atmosphere exchange gas with one another. CO2 increases in surface waters. CO2 dissolved in ocean surface waters forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which then dissociates to form H+ (hydrogen ion) and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion). The concentration of each of these ions is pH depende ...
Sea

A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.