3. geological setting of the celebes and sulu
... Borneo to Japan and the suspected presence of dominantly north-south right slip faults along the east Asian margin suggests that an extensional stress regime was present along the Eurasian margin during this period. These marginal basins could also be interpreted as trapped fragments from a larger o ...
... Borneo to Japan and the suspected presence of dominantly north-south right slip faults along the east Asian margin suggests that an extensional stress regime was present along the Eurasian margin during this period. These marginal basins could also be interpreted as trapped fragments from a larger o ...
EUSeaMap: A broad-scale physical habitat map for European Seas
... Infralittoral, Coastal Circalittoral (or Circalittoral), Deep Circalittoral and Deep Sea (Figure 3). In EUSeaMap, it was decided to further subdivide the Deep Sea zone into, bathyal (in the Atlantic bathyal is further divided into upper slope, upper, mid and lower bathyal) and abyssal zones, followi ...
... Infralittoral, Coastal Circalittoral (or Circalittoral), Deep Circalittoral and Deep Sea (Figure 3). In EUSeaMap, it was decided to further subdivide the Deep Sea zone into, bathyal (in the Atlantic bathyal is further divided into upper slope, upper, mid and lower bathyal) and abyssal zones, followi ...
PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 4.0
... Ewans & van der Vlugt (1999) discovered that the bimodality of the directional spectrum is also visible for the wave conditions occurring during tropical cyclones. Such sea states consist largely of a cyclone-generated swell component and a local wind sea. Following Kuik et al. (1988), they defined t ...
... Ewans & van der Vlugt (1999) discovered that the bimodality of the directional spectrum is also visible for the wave conditions occurring during tropical cyclones. Such sea states consist largely of a cyclone-generated swell component and a local wind sea. Following Kuik et al. (1988), they defined t ...
Renewable Energies from the Ocean.pdf
... particulate matter at the air–water interface play important roles, for example, in environmental hydraulics and water–environment–health interactions, during low wind speeds before the onset of wave breaking, the exchange of air bubbles is limited. If this situation persists for a long time, algal ...
... particulate matter at the air–water interface play important roles, for example, in environmental hydraulics and water–environment–health interactions, during low wind speeds before the onset of wave breaking, the exchange of air bubbles is limited. If this situation persists for a long time, algal ...
How and Where Earthquakes Occur
... When two plates are moving, friction occurs at their contact. Due to friction, strain builds up, causing plates to deform, or change shape. Eventually the strain becomes great enough to overcome friction, and the plates move suddenly, causing an earthquake. Then, the plates snap back to the shap ...
... When two plates are moving, friction occurs at their contact. Due to friction, strain builds up, causing plates to deform, or change shape. Eventually the strain becomes great enough to overcome friction, and the plates move suddenly, causing an earthquake. Then, the plates snap back to the shap ...
Observation and Modeling of High Individual Ocean Waves and
... For instance, during the heavy and fast developing storms in the North Sea like “Anatol” on Dec. 03, 1999 and “Britta” on Nov. 01, 2006, the forecast atmospheric models (input for the wave simulation), were not capable to predict the rapid increase of the wind with the observed gustiness (Brusch et ...
... For instance, during the heavy and fast developing storms in the North Sea like “Anatol” on Dec. 03, 1999 and “Britta” on Nov. 01, 2006, the forecast atmospheric models (input for the wave simulation), were not capable to predict the rapid increase of the wind with the observed gustiness (Brusch et ...
Exploring the Red Sea seasonal ecosystem functioning using a
... found in the northern Red Sea [Weikert, 1987]. During the summer, the only substantial resource of new dissolved nutrients is the water mass flowing in from the Gulf of Aden [Longhurst, 2007]. Another important mechanism is tidal mixing through which regenerated nutrients are transported into the top ...
... found in the northern Red Sea [Weikert, 1987]. During the summer, the only substantial resource of new dissolved nutrients is the water mass flowing in from the Gulf of Aden [Longhurst, 2007]. Another important mechanism is tidal mixing through which regenerated nutrients are transported into the top ...
Deep Seabed Mining
... forms, and vital to the survival of our planet. But now, this mostly unknown world is facing large-scale industrial exploitation – as mining of the deep seabed for minerals fast becomes reality. As land-based minerals become depleted and prices rise, the search for new sources of supply is turning t ...
... forms, and vital to the survival of our planet. But now, this mostly unknown world is facing large-scale industrial exploitation – as mining of the deep seabed for minerals fast becomes reality. As land-based minerals become depleted and prices rise, the search for new sources of supply is turning t ...
GEF4400 “The Earth System”
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
... • Surface ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters, interacting with evaporation, sinking of cold water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to ...
The abundance and size of giant sea anemones at different
... Introduction. The depth of water affects the life and growth of tropical marine biota including giant sea anemones. Effect of the waters’ depth usually associates with other environmental factors such as light, water movement, temperature, and salinity. The deeper the waters from the surface, the lo ...
... Introduction. The depth of water affects the life and growth of tropical marine biota including giant sea anemones. Effect of the waters’ depth usually associates with other environmental factors such as light, water movement, temperature, and salinity. The deeper the waters from the surface, the lo ...
The annual cycle of surface CO2 and O2 in the Ross Sea
... excessive biological uptake and export of nutrients and inorganic carbon at depths greater than 200 m, there has been little effort to understand what the implications of the high biological uptake and export are to the net air-sea exchange of CO2 and O2 in the Ross Sea. This study will show the ann ...
... excessive biological uptake and export of nutrients and inorganic carbon at depths greater than 200 m, there has been little effort to understand what the implications of the high biological uptake and export are to the net air-sea exchange of CO2 and O2 in the Ross Sea. This study will show the ann ...
Rationale: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have
... essential bulk properties of the carbonate system when compared with available data and can be considered as fit for purpose. Improved treatment of coastal processes: river loads, optical properties and parameterisation of alkalinity, are the key model refinements required. ...
... essential bulk properties of the carbonate system when compared with available data and can be considered as fit for purpose. Improved treatment of coastal processes: river loads, optical properties and parameterisation of alkalinity, are the key model refinements required. ...
The origin of the Dead Sea rift
... the Levant and eastern Mediterranean (BenAvraham and Ginzburg, 1990). The Levant passive continental margin marks a transition from the oceanic crust of the Levantine Basin to a typical continental crust of the Levant (Makris et al., 1983; Ginzburg and Ben-Avraham, 1987). The Levant itself is probab ...
... the Levant and eastern Mediterranean (BenAvraham and Ginzburg, 1990). The Levant passive continental margin marks a transition from the oceanic crust of the Levantine Basin to a typical continental crust of the Levant (Makris et al., 1983; Ginzburg and Ben-Avraham, 1987). The Levant itself is probab ...
IMBER Update
... of which parts of the Earth System are most sensitive to change, and the nature and extent of anticipated impacts of global change. This new challenge has led to the goal of IMBER, which is to investigate the sensitivity of marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems to global change on time scales ...
... of which parts of the Earth System are most sensitive to change, and the nature and extent of anticipated impacts of global change. This new challenge has led to the goal of IMBER, which is to investigate the sensitivity of marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems to global change on time scales ...
Tides, lecture 9
... • Tides produce severe zonation • Currents move fish/planktonic organisms to extreme locations (even more severe during storms) • Seasons effect temperature and that effects everything! • Ex. Grunion: swim up on shore to deposit eggs during an extreme spring tide each year ...
... • Tides produce severe zonation • Currents move fish/planktonic organisms to extreme locations (even more severe during storms) • Seasons effect temperature and that effects everything! • Ex. Grunion: swim up on shore to deposit eggs during an extreme spring tide each year ...
Progress in satellite remote sensing for studying physical
... Visible spectrum remote-sensing is commonly used for showing real-time environmental conditions in the media, such as over-head views of hurricanes and weather systems. Such images illustrate the challenges in visible spectrum remote-sensing: clouds, sea mist, or aerosol contamination such as desert ...
... Visible spectrum remote-sensing is commonly used for showing real-time environmental conditions in the media, such as over-head views of hurricanes and weather systems. Such images illustrate the challenges in visible spectrum remote-sensing: clouds, sea mist, or aerosol contamination such as desert ...
Hydrography of the eastern part of the Aegean Sea during the
... basins containing denser waters at the intermediate depths (Fig. 4). LIW reaches even up to the vicinity of Saros Bay with its typical temperature (near 16 °C) and salinity (39.1–39.15 psu). It is under the depth of 300 m in the Levantine basin and approximately in the depth of 100 m in the west of ...
... basins containing denser waters at the intermediate depths (Fig. 4). LIW reaches even up to the vicinity of Saros Bay with its typical temperature (near 16 °C) and salinity (39.1–39.15 psu). It is under the depth of 300 m in the Levantine basin and approximately in the depth of 100 m in the west of ...
Developing Resource Management and Marine Policy for the
... (Laubier 2005). Capacity to deal with environmental problems is also low. For example, due to the lack of proper sewage collections infrastructure, 60 % of the sewage from coastal cities along the coast with population over 100,000 inhabitants flows directly into the sea. In contrast to other Medite ...
... (Laubier 2005). Capacity to deal with environmental problems is also low. For example, due to the lack of proper sewage collections infrastructure, 60 % of the sewage from coastal cities along the coast with population over 100,000 inhabitants flows directly into the sea. In contrast to other Medite ...
one world ocean
... – That means that all the rivers, lakes, glaciers, rain, snow, and groundwater make up the <3% remainder! ...
... – That means that all the rivers, lakes, glaciers, rain, snow, and groundwater make up the <3% remainder! ...
Technical Abstract of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
... The ocean is a single interconnected body of water, covering just over 7/10ths of the planet, and containing 97 per cent of all the water on the surface of the Earth. It is divided into four main ocean basins: the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The southern ...
... The ocean is a single interconnected body of water, covering just over 7/10ths of the planet, and containing 97 per cent of all the water on the surface of the Earth. It is divided into four main ocean basins: the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The southern ...
Observations of abundance, stock composition, body size and food
... high seas fisheries took place in the Norwegian Sea in the 60ies and beginning of the 70ies (Anon.• 1979). However. due to regulations the only legal fishery in this area at present are within the Faroese 200 miIe EEZ. Sampling from these fisheries have generated significant knowledge on the biology ...
... high seas fisheries took place in the Norwegian Sea in the 60ies and beginning of the 70ies (Anon.• 1979). However. due to regulations the only legal fishery in this area at present are within the Faroese 200 miIe EEZ. Sampling from these fisheries have generated significant knowledge on the biology ...
secret ocean - Big Movie Zone
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
Educator`s Guide - Jean-Michel Cousteau`s Secret Ocean 3D
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
EDUCATORS` RESOURCE GUIDE
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
... plankton all their life or only when they are young (larvae), and feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Some are very small animals, others are quite large but soft-bodied, such as jellyfish. Starting on a beautiful pink mushroom coral (Fungia fungites), the opening sequence of “Secret Ocean” featu ...
(yes) thermohaline structure
... Sea/East China Sea (YES) and to investigate the climatological water mass features and the seasonal and non-seasonal variabilities of the thermohaline structure. , and use the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) from 1945 to December 1989 to investigate the linkage between the fluxes (mo ...
... Sea/East China Sea (YES) and to investigate the climatological water mass features and the seasonal and non-seasonal variabilities of the thermohaline structure. , and use the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) from 1945 to December 1989 to investigate the linkage between the fluxes (mo ...
Sea
A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been travelled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the IHO's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.Owing to the present state of continental drift, the Northern Hemisphere is now fairly equally divided between land and sea (a ratio of about 2:3) but the South is overwhelmingly oceanic (1:4.7). Salinity in the open ocean is generally in a narrow band around 3.5% by mass, although this can vary in more landlocked waters, near the mouths of large rivers, or at great depths. About 85% of the solids in the open sea are sodium chloride. Deep-sea currents are produced by differences in salinity and temperature. Surface currents are formed by the friction of waves produced by the wind and by tides, the changes in local sea level produced by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. The direction of all of these is governed by surface and submarine land masses and by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect).Former changes in the sea levels have left continental shelves, shallow areas in the sea close to land. These nutrient-rich waters teem with life, which provide humans with substantial supplies of food—mainly fish, but also shellfish, mammals, and seaweed—which are both harvested in the wild and farmed. The most diverse areas surround great tropical coral reefs. Whaling in the deep sea was once common but whales' dwindling numbers prompted international conservation efforts and finally a moratorium on most commercial hunting. Oceanography has established that not all life is restricted to the sunlit surface waters: even under enormous depths and pressures, nutrients streaming from hydrothermal vents support their own unique ecosystem. Life may have started there and aquatic microbial mats are generally credited with the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere; both plants and animals first evolved in the sea.The sea is an essential aspect of human trade, travel, mineral extraction, and power generation. This has also made it essential to warfare and left major cities exposed to earthquakes and volcanoes from nearby faults; powerful tsunami waves; and hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones produced in the tropics. This importance and duality has affected human culture, from early sea gods to the epic poetry of Homer to the changes induced by the Columbian Exchange, from Viking funerals to Basho's haikus to hyperrealist marine art, and inspiring music ranging from the shanties in The Complaynt of Scotland to Rimsky-Korsakov's ""The Sea and Sinbad's Ship"" to A-mei's ""Listen to the Sea"". It is the scene of leisure activities including swimming, diving, surfing, and sailing. However, population growth, industrialization, and intensive farming have all contributed to present-day marine pollution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is being absorbed in increasing amounts, lowering its pH in a process known as ocean acidification. The shared nature of the sea has made overfishing an increasing problem.