... information of a light wavefront diffracted by an object irradiated with coherent
radiation; Gabor understood that this remarkable result could be obtained simply
exploiting the interference pattern resulting from the superposition of the radiation
coming from the object (object beam) with a portion ...
... Pulse reading in scientific terms is to capture the changes of the body’s pulse. According to TCM,
the pulse is the blood fluctuation phenomenon triggered by the aortic wall’s elastic relaxation and
contraction caused by cardiac ejection. The tip of the artery experiences a similar wave-like
fluctua ...
... requires an n × n-fold denser pixelation and hence a recording time longer by this factor.
Effective parallelization has been accomplished by spinning disc arrangements with
multiple pinholes, which have permitted to increase the recording speeds in confocal
microscopy [16]. Other methods have used ...
... of incidence, and the direction of the current, needed to feed his electromagnet. He even
tried to use different ‘mirrors’ to reflect the light beam: an iron bar, a polished steel
knife, etc. In the end he had to summarize his discoveries as follows:
‘‘The first facts of magneto-optics discovered lo ...
... order兲 outside. Even at resonance the reflected and
the transmitted beam intensities are not zero, and
the maximum coupling efficiency is limited to ⬃40%.
This can be greatly increased by addition of a mirror
that reinjects the transmitted beam into the
waveguide, provided a phase condition is fulfi ...
... The concept of NOPAs based on a type-I phase matching
condition has been employed for a variety of different crystals
and spectral regions [40 42]. As an example, the prototypical
crystal for parametric amplification, BBO, cut at phase
matching angle θ = 32°, provides a remarkable phase matching band ...
... index than the film and one of
higher index, the conditions for
constructive and destructive
interference are reversed
With different materials on
either side of the film, you may
have a situation in which there
is a 180o phase change at both
surfaces or at neither surface
– Be sure to check both th ...
... away from the hologram. Equivalently, we can simulate the propagation of a
wave field equal to H digitally.
Of course, R is never exactly a uniform plane wave, so distortion and noise are
thereby introduced. The other terms in (1) that are not proportional to the object
wave also introduce noise int ...
... Direct detection of extrasolar planets will require imaging systems capable of
unprecedented contrast. Apodized pupils provide an attractive way to achieve
such contrast but they are difficult, perhaps impossible, to manufacture to the
required tolerance and they absorb about 90% of the light in ord ...
... which is one of the three acoustic modes propagating in a cylindrical optical fiber without
cutoff when the acoustic wavelength is much longer than the dimension of the fiber core [4, 5].
Several researchers have investigated the potential of the polarization mode coupling by
torsional acoustic wave ...
... mirror when you cannot adjust its direction. For example, such retro reflectors have been set
on the Moon to measure the Moon-to-Earth distance, through a measurement of the time it
takes for light to travel back and forth; they are also used in the arms of a Michelson
interferometer for interferome ...
... • p is positive if the object is in front of the lens.
• q is positive if the image is behind the lens (real
and inverted).
• q is negative if the image is in front of the lens
(virtual and upright).
• f is positive for converging lenses and negative
for diverging lenses.
• h and h’ are positive if ...
... • for p-polarised light there is
no reflection on a surface if
the angle of incident is the
brewster angle
• so all light can be used for
the measurement without
losses because of reflected
light
• scattered light causes
problems inside a cryostat
...
... If applicable FOV
->LED radiance
data hold for luminaire
If underfilled, multiple small sources can fall into the FOV area and
averaged radiance will sum up!
For such applications the true weighted radiance of the source is
needed, acceptance angle should not be smal ...
... to transmit efficiently through silicon. The illumination bandwidth must be chosen carefully to efficiently illuminate the
wafer target. This is because the illumination light reflects strongly from the two silicon surfaces, contributing to the
background level that reduces contrast in the image. Th ...
... for calibration of reference gas leaks for vacuum applications
[19, 20], where one of the main uncertainties comes from the
initial absolute pressure measurement.
The method also gives a possibility of detecting small
density changes even at high pressures, which might enable the
detection of small ...
... object, and hologram are not on the same axis anymore.
The hologram represents the outer area of a fresnel zone
lens. Again a virtual and a real image are formed during
construction. The advantage of off-axis holography is that
both images do not interfere during observation and
image disturbances a ...
... media, the pulse or wave-packet was severely absorbed and distorted as it passed through the
region of anomalous dispersion. The results therefore, were inconclusive, and could not be
taken as proof that the effect could work.
Wang’s experiment demonstrates that this it is in fact possible to achiev ...
... than those for bb兾b676 and that their ratio [B in Eq.
4] was usually greater than unity. However, the Hydroscat 676-nm channel covers a relatively broad
wave band (20 nm FWHM) that partly overlaps with
the fluorescence emission spectrum of chlorophyll-a
in vivo. It must therefore be presumed that Hy ...
Harold Horace Hopkins FRS (1918–1994) was a renowned British physicist. His Wave Theory of Aberrations, (published by Oxford University Press 1950), is central to all modern optical design and provides the mathematical analysis which enables the use of computers to create the wealth of high quality lenses available today. In addition to his theoretical work, his many inventions are in daily use throughout the world. These include zoom lenses, coherent fibre-optics and more recently the rod-lens endoscopes which 'opened the door' to modern key-hole surgery. He was the recipient of many of the world's most prestigious awards and was twice nominated for a Nobel Prize. His citation on receiving the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society in 1984 stated: ""In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery.""
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