Chapter 14 The Ocean Floor
... The Atlantic Ocean is about half the size of the Pacific Ocean, and is not quite as deep. It is a relatively narrow ocean compared to the Pacific. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are bounded to the east and west by continents. The Indian Ocean is slightly smaller than the Atlantic Ocean, but it has ...
... The Atlantic Ocean is about half the size of the Pacific Ocean, and is not quite as deep. It is a relatively narrow ocean compared to the Pacific. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are bounded to the east and west by continents. The Indian Ocean is slightly smaller than the Atlantic Ocean, but it has ...
Bice, K. L., E. J. Barron, and W. H. Peterson,... Eocene paleobathymetry and ocean GCM sensitivity to specified basin
... case of the ocean model, most attention has been given to the upper boundary conditions: surface wind stresses and the flux of heat and moisture across the atmosphere–ocean interface. Model simulations of the modern ocean employ observations of surface wind stress, temperature, and salinity as forci ...
... case of the ocean model, most attention has been given to the upper boundary conditions: surface wind stresses and the flux of heat and moisture across the atmosphere–ocean interface. Model simulations of the modern ocean employ observations of surface wind stress, temperature, and salinity as forci ...
Introduction – Chapter 1
... • The ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface • Accounts for >97% of the Earth’s water! • The average depth of the ocean is 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) and at its deepest depth is 7,000 ft greater than the highest elevation on land (Mt. Everest 29,000 ft; Mariana Trench 36,163 ft) • The average tempe ...
... • The ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface • Accounts for >97% of the Earth’s water! • The average depth of the ocean is 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) and at its deepest depth is 7,000 ft greater than the highest elevation on land (Mt. Everest 29,000 ft; Mariana Trench 36,163 ft) • The average tempe ...
Variability and potential predictability
... • These SST anomalies are created by the fluctuations of the subtropical -subpolar gyre boundary driven by small scale WSC anomalies. • The present results do not support an ocean mode that relies on a phase lagged relationship between temperature and salinity in their contributions to the total den ...
... • These SST anomalies are created by the fluctuations of the subtropical -subpolar gyre boundary driven by small scale WSC anomalies. • The present results do not support an ocean mode that relies on a phase lagged relationship between temperature and salinity in their contributions to the total den ...
Division 36D South Pacific
... South Pacific Ocean tends to be associated with the eastern boundary upwelling of the Humboldt Current system, restricted regions east of New Zealand, around islands and in coastal margins where variability in local dynamics is high (Dandonneau et al., 2004). Although information on the assemblages ...
... South Pacific Ocean tends to be associated with the eastern boundary upwelling of the Humboldt Current system, restricted regions east of New Zealand, around islands and in coastal margins where variability in local dynamics is high (Dandonneau et al., 2004). Although information on the assemblages ...
Lecture Notes Part 1
... 4. Oceanographers most often use Potential Density () to describe the density of subsurface water parcels (not in situ density) -σ is a calculated parameter and not measured directly 5. Using θ allows oceanographers to: a. compare the Potential Density of water parcels in the ocean with the Pote ...
... 4. Oceanographers most often use Potential Density () to describe the density of subsurface water parcels (not in situ density) -σ is a calculated parameter and not measured directly 5. Using θ allows oceanographers to: a. compare the Potential Density of water parcels in the ocean with the Pote ...
The Ocean Floor - NVHSEarthScienceOlsen
... • Just like salinity, the temperature of the ocean varies • At the surface of the ocean, temperature differences are mostly due to the amount of energy received from the sun – This means: • Areas at lower latitudes (closer to the equator) receive more direct, and intense sunlight and are therefore w ...
... • Just like salinity, the temperature of the ocean varies • At the surface of the ocean, temperature differences are mostly due to the amount of energy received from the sun – This means: • Areas at lower latitudes (closer to the equator) receive more direct, and intense sunlight and are therefore w ...
Joint SCAR/SCOR Coordination of Southern Ocean Studies
... decided that this coordination should continue after the IGY through a Special Committee – now the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) – which was formed in February 1958. SCAR’s responsibilities included oceanography, and from 1961 to 1980 the coordination of oceanographic activities ...
... decided that this coordination should continue after the IGY through a Special Committee – now the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) – which was formed in February 1958. SCAR’s responsibilities included oceanography, and from 1961 to 1980 the coordination of oceanographic activities ...
CLIMATE CHANGE MONITORING REPORT 2013
... meteorological phenomena. Northern, eastern and western parts of the country experienced cold conditions in winter, with the Sea of Japan side of northern Japan being hit by extremely heavy snow settling as deep as 566 cm (Sukayu Station in Aomori City, Aomori Prefecture). Extreme heat affected the ...
... meteorological phenomena. Northern, eastern and western parts of the country experienced cold conditions in winter, with the Sea of Japan side of northern Japan being hit by extremely heavy snow settling as deep as 566 cm (Sukayu Station in Aomori City, Aomori Prefecture). Extreme heat affected the ...
Student report - cloudfront.net
... Hydrothermal vents occur due to volcanic activity, water and fissures in rocks surrounding water. Fissures occur due to tectonic activity, such as seafloor spreading, which was further investigated using GeoMapApp. The heat source for the vents is magma and the vents are similar to geysers on land. ...
... Hydrothermal vents occur due to volcanic activity, water and fissures in rocks surrounding water. Fissures occur due to tectonic activity, such as seafloor spreading, which was further investigated using GeoMapApp. The heat source for the vents is magma and the vents are similar to geysers on land. ...
Relating paleoclimate data and past temperature gradients: Some
... would be a risky procedure. How then can we estimate what has happened in the past, and is likely to happen in the future? Obviously the best approach would be to improve our techniques for determining what happened in the past, and, with the aid of such observations, improve our ability to model th ...
... would be a risky procedure. How then can we estimate what has happened in the past, and is likely to happen in the future? Obviously the best approach would be to improve our techniques for determining what happened in the past, and, with the aid of such observations, improve our ability to model th ...
Chapter 1 Introduction – Planet, Oceans and Life
... Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each ...
... Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each ...
exhanges.naobook
... research as well. Each chapter was subjected to critical peer review and was revised accordingly. A total of 36 expert referees made substantial contributions to the overall quality and content of the Monograph. The NAO is one of the oldest known world weather patterns, as some of the earliest descr ...
... research as well. Each chapter was subjected to critical peer review and was revised accordingly. A total of 36 expert referees made substantial contributions to the overall quality and content of the Monograph. The NAO is one of the oldest known world weather patterns, as some of the earliest descr ...
Coupling between Wind-Driven Currents and Midlatitude Storm Tracks
... of the climatological storm track with respect to the SST-induced heating anomaly, the anomalous eddy fluxes can reinforce or reduce the perturbation in the mean flow. Because the eddy fluxes are mostly due to transient eddies, this scenario emphasizes the necessity of appropriately resolving or par ...
... of the climatological storm track with respect to the SST-induced heating anomaly, the anomalous eddy fluxes can reinforce or reduce the perturbation in the mean flow. Because the eddy fluxes are mostly due to transient eddies, this scenario emphasizes the necessity of appropriately resolving or par ...
Neodymium isotopic variations in North Pacific modern
... the southern Philippines and off southeastern China (Fig. la) give eNd of --10.6 and - 9 . 6 , respectively [34]. Taken together, these data indicate that the Chinese loess is characterized by an eNd of about - 10. This is identical to the central North Pacific sediment eNd, and distinctly different ...
... the southern Philippines and off southeastern China (Fig. la) give eNd of --10.6 and - 9 . 6 , respectively [34]. Taken together, these data indicate that the Chinese loess is characterized by an eNd of about - 10. This is identical to the central North Pacific sediment eNd, and distinctly different ...
Great Pacific Garbage Patch
... dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clump ...
... dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clump ...
Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in 14 IPCC AR4
... However, the variances are generally too weak for all wave modes except the EIG wave, and the phase speeds are generally too fast, being scaled to excessively deep equivalent depths. An interesting result is that this scaling is consistent within a given model across modes, in that both the symmetri ...
... However, the variances are generally too weak for all wave modes except the EIG wave, and the phase speeds are generally too fast, being scaled to excessively deep equivalent depths. An interesting result is that this scaling is consistent within a given model across modes, in that both the symmetri ...
The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification
... from planktic foraminifers show a 0.15 T 0.05 associated with pronounced decreases in calciunit decrease in sea surface pH (12) across the um carbonate preservation (24). Depending on deglacial transition—an average rate of decline the assumed source, rate, and magnitude of CO2 of ~0.002 units per 1 ...
... from planktic foraminifers show a 0.15 T 0.05 associated with pronounced decreases in calciunit decrease in sea surface pH (12) across the um carbonate preservation (24). Depending on deglacial transition—an average rate of decline the assumed source, rate, and magnitude of CO2 of ~0.002 units per 1 ...
Programme - The Future Ocean
... primary particles (from sea spray), locally generated from gas to particle conversion so called secondary particles (sulfate from oxidation of dimethylsulfide), and primary and secondary particles transported from distant sources. The chemical composition and the origin of fine particles (< 1 µm in ...
... primary particles (from sea spray), locally generated from gas to particle conversion so called secondary particles (sulfate from oxidation of dimethylsulfide), and primary and secondary particles transported from distant sources. The chemical composition and the origin of fine particles (< 1 µm in ...
Simulations of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period using two versions of
... in the early 1990s (Rind and Chandler, 1991; Chandler and Rind, 1992; Chandler et al., 1994; Poore and Chandler, 1994). However, as with numerous other climate modelling studies, the GISS model has often underestimated the high degree of polar amplification seen in Pliocene proxy data, particularly ...
... in the early 1990s (Rind and Chandler, 1991; Chandler and Rind, 1992; Chandler et al., 1994; Poore and Chandler, 1994). However, as with numerous other climate modelling studies, the GISS model has often underestimated the high degree of polar amplification seen in Pliocene proxy data, particularly ...
Climate
... Complete mixing (turnover) occurs in spring and fall when water temperature and density become uniform with depth. ...
... Complete mixing (turnover) occurs in spring and fall when water temperature and density become uniform with depth. ...
The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification
... from planktic foraminifers show a 0.15 T 0.05 associated with pronounced decreases in calciunit decrease in sea surface pH (12) across the um carbonate preservation (24). Depending on deglacial transition—an average rate of decline the assumed source, rate, and magnitude of CO2 of ~0.002 units per 1 ...
... from planktic foraminifers show a 0.15 T 0.05 associated with pronounced decreases in calciunit decrease in sea surface pH (12) across the um carbonate preservation (24). Depending on deglacial transition—an average rate of decline the assumed source, rate, and magnitude of CO2 of ~0.002 units per 1 ...
Interocean Exchange of Thermocline Water - Lamont
... northern North Atlantic to feed NADW production. It is proposed that this return flow is accomplished primarily within the ocean's warm water thermocline layer. In this way the main thermoclinesof the ocean are linked as they participate in a thermohaline-drivenglobal scalecirculation cell associate ...
... northern North Atlantic to feed NADW production. It is proposed that this return flow is accomplished primarily within the ocean's warm water thermocline layer. In this way the main thermoclinesof the ocean are linked as they participate in a thermohaline-drivenglobal scalecirculation cell associate ...
Quantifying sea surface temperature ranges of the Arabian Sea for
... Globorotalia tumida from the equatorial Pacific. They interpreted this variation as a result of changes in temperature, salinity, depth habitat and seasonal and inter-annual variations as of metabolic effects. Attempts to determine the influence of size, and therefore growth (Spero and Williams, 199 ...
... Globorotalia tumida from the equatorial Pacific. They interpreted this variation as a result of changes in temperature, salinity, depth habitat and seasonal and inter-annual variations as of metabolic effects. Attempts to determine the influence of size, and therefore growth (Spero and Williams, 199 ...
Meteorology TEST - Partners4results
... ocean properties. They measured water depth by lowering a long, weighted line overboard. Today’s technology – particularly sonar, satellites, and submersibles – allows scientists to study the ocean floor in a more efficient and precise manner than ever before. Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) us ...
... ocean properties. They measured water depth by lowering a long, weighted line overboard. Today’s technology – particularly sonar, satellites, and submersibles – allows scientists to study the ocean floor in a more efficient and precise manner than ever before. Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) us ...