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Functional Programming
Functional Programming

... each full-recursive call requires a new activation record on the run-time stack with tail-recursion, don't need to retain current activation record when make call  can discard the current activation record, push record for new recursive call  thus, no limit on recursion depth (each recursive call ...
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... number, the solution to the problem can be found by adding (a) the solution to the smaller subproblem of summing the squares in the range m+1:n and (b) the solution to the subproblem of finding the square of m. (a) is then solved in the same way (recursion). • We stop when we reach the base case tha ...
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... pure functions to the greatest extent possible • Process of computation is fundamentally different – In an imperative language, operations are executed and the results are stored in variables for later use – Management of variables is a constant concern and source of complexity for imperative progra ...
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ppt - Dave Reed
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Functional Programming Languages
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Functional Programming
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Functional Programming
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Tail call

In computer science, a tail call is a subroutine call performed as the final action of a procedure. If a tail call might lead to the same subroutine being called again later in the call chain, the subroutine is said to be tail-recursive, which is a special case of recursion. Tail recursion (or tail-end recursion) is particularly useful, and often easy to handle in implementations.Tail calls can be implemented without adding a new stack frame to the call stack. Most of the frame of the current procedure is not needed any more, and it can be replaced by the frame of the tail call, modified as appropriate (similar to overlay for processes, but for function calls). The program can then jump to the called subroutine. Producing such code instead of a standard call sequence is called tail call elimination. Tail call elimination allows procedure calls in tail position to be implemented as efficiently as goto statements, thus allowing efficient structured programming. In the words of Guy L. Steele, ""in general procedure calls may be usefully thought of as GOTO statements which also pass parameters, and can be uniformly coded as [machine code] JUMP instructions.""Traditionally, tail call elimination is optional. However, in functional programming languages, tail call elimination is often guaranteed by the language standard, and this guarantee allows using recursion, in particular tail recursion, in place of loops. In such cases, it is not correct (though it may be customary) to refer to it as an optimization. The special case of tail recursive calls, when a function calls itself, may be more amenable to call elimination than general tail calls.
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