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Animal Development, Organogenesis, and Animal Tissues
Animal Development, Organogenesis, and Animal Tissues

... Ectodermal cells flatten into a neural plate, which extends the entire length of the embryo. The center of the plate sinks, giving rise to a neural groove, and the edges of the plate elevate to form neural folds. These folds move towards each other until they eventually fuse, producing the hollow ne ...
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Stem Cell Treatments for Cerebral Palsy Factsheet

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statement from Dr. David Gamm - McPherson Eye Research Institute
statement from Dr. David Gamm - McPherson Eye Research Institute

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The Tissue Level of Organization

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The Tissue Level of Organization
The Tissue Level of Organization

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Differentiation and containment of derived pancreatic beta cells
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Agents Used in Anemias

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Unit 4 Exam Review
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS TO CONFIRM YOUR UNDERSTANDING
SAMPLE QUESTIONS TO CONFIRM YOUR UNDERSTANDING

... 38. General somatic afferent neurons and general visceral afferent neurons synapse either on second order neurons that ascend in the spinal cord or interneurons that relay information to general somatic efferent neurons. These synapses are located in the: a. anterior horn b. lateral horn c. posterio ...
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Nerve guidance conduit

A nerve guidance conduit (also referred to as an artificial nerve conduit or artificial nerve graft, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries. When direct suturing of the two stumps of a severed nerve cannot be accomplished without tension, the standard clinical treatment for peripheral nerve injuries is autologous nerve grafting. Due to the limited availability of donor tissue and functional recovery in autologous nerve grafting, neural tissue engineering research has focused on the development of bioartificial nerve guidance conduits as an alternative treatment, especially for large defects. Similar techniques are also being explored for nerve repair in the spinal cord but nerve regeneration in the central nervous system poses a greater challenge because its axons do not regenerate appreciably in their native environment.The creation of artificial conduits is also known as entubulation because the nerve ends and intervening gap are enclosed within a tube composed of biological or synthetic materials. Whether the conduit is in the form of a biologic tube, synthetic tube or tissue-engineered conduit, it should facilitate neurotropic and neurotrophic communication between the proximal and distal ends of the nerve gap, block external inhibitory factors, and provide a physical guidance for axonal regrowth. The most basic objective of a nerve guidance conduit is to combine physical, chemical, and biological cues under conditions that will foster tissue formation.Materials that have been used to make biologic tubes include blood vessels and skeletal muscles, while nonabsorbable and bioabsorbable synthetic tubes have been made from silicone and polyglycolide respectively. Tissue-engineered nerve guidance conduits are a combination of many elements: scaffold structure, scaffold material, cellular therapies, neurotrophic factors and biomimetic materials. The choice of which physical, chemical and biological cues to use is based on the properties of the nerve environment, which is critical in creating the most desirable environment for axon regeneration. The factors that control material selection include biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical integrity, controllability during nerve growth, implantation and sterilization.
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