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Sample PowerPoint presentation, with instructor feedback.
Nervous System – Cells
Chapter 13, p. 379-393
Patton and Thibodeau (2013)
Instructor: Virginia Johnson, BSN, RN, LMT
1
SAMPLE PRESENTATION
and
INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK
(textbook author)
Score
30 / 30
Feedback Date
May 21, 2014 4:41 PM
Dropbox Feedback
Your presentation covers the assigned material at an appropriate level. And, wow, very
nicely done! One of the best I've seen--ever.
Thanks for citing each image!
Slide 7 is a good example of your advanced skills with PowerPoint. But more importantly,
this is a great example of using animations and shapes to really zero in on a foundational
concept that could mess students up later if they don't get it right. I wish I'd thought of this
approach!
(Note: Slide 7 is now slide 9, due to the insertion of two slides
of instructor feedback.)
2
Any lecture presentation works best if you think of it as telling a story. Effective stories are
those that are told in a logical way. They lead up to something. It could be something that
the listener already knows about or it could be something that only makes sense at the
end of the story. Either way the material leading up to the end is paving the way for that
final understanding.
Of course, some lectures are more like a series of short stories rather than one long story.
If you think of your lecture as storytelling rather than a recitation of facts, you will find
that both you and your students will learn more efficiently, because it’s a bit more “fun.”
Your presentation works well for storytelling. The visual elements are great for that. (Love
the "wandering" microglial cell!) Also, your use of objectives and reviews helps, too.
[I very rarely give a perfect 30 points as grade. A perfect score is reserved for those
presentations that are truly above and beyond ordinary expectations. Therefore, no
student should expect many (if any) 30s on their lecture grades. But now I'm thinking this
may not apply to you--if all your presentations are like this!]
Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
[email protected]
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For full effect; press “Slide Show” tab (above),
then “From Current Slide” (far left).
Virginia Johnson
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Introduction
Endocrine
Nervous
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Road Map
• Nervous system
– Cells
– Central nervous system
• Brain
• Spinal cord
– Peripheral nervous system
– Autonomic nervous system
– Sense organs
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Organization of Nervous System
p. 382
Objectives
• Describe the subdivisions of nervous system
• Name the components of the central nervous
system.
• Name the components of the peripheral
nervous system.
• Compare and contrast the somatic nervous
system and the autonomic nervous system.
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Organization of the Nervous System
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Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems
CNS
• Brain and
spinal cord
• Cells within CNS
• Integrates
• Evaluates
• Responds
• PNS
• Outside of CNS
• Cranial nerves
– Brain → skull →
body
• Spinal nerves
– SC → body
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Central Fibers
From cell body
Toward CNS
Peripheral Fibers
From cell body
Away from CNS
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Afferent and Efferent Divisions
Afferent fibers
send signal to
CNS
Efferent fibers
send signal out of
CNS
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Somatic Nervous System
• Voluntary regulation
• Afferent fibers carry signal
_____________________
• Efferent fibers carry signal
_____________________
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Involuntary regulation
• Sympathetic division
– Middle of spinal cord
– Fight –or- flight
• Parasympathetic division
– Upper and lower spinal cord
– Rest & repair
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Review
• Which division of the nervous system controls
skeletal muscle?
– Somatic nervous system (SNS)
• The central nervous system (CNS) is made up
of what structures?
– Brain and spinal cord (SC)
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Review
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made
up of what structures?
– Nerve cells
• What do the SNS and ANS have in common?
– Afferent and efferent fibers
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Cells of the Nervous System
p. 383
Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of central
system neuroglia.
• Describe the structure and function of
peripheral system neuroglia.
• Describe the structure and function of
neurons.
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Cells of the Nervous System
p. 383
Objectives
• Define the structural classifications of
neurons.
• Define the functional classifications of
neurons.
• Explain reflex arc pattern.
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Glia
•
•
•
•
•
•
AKA glial cells, neuroglia
Integral component of the nervous system
Estimated 900 billion!
Can divide
Cannot conduct
Support conductive neurons
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Central Nervous System Neuroglia
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Central Nervous System Neuroglia
• Astrocytes
– Neuron growth
– Assist neuron circuits
– Transmit information
– Form blood brain barrier (BBB)
• Astrocyte feet +
endothelial cell of capillary
• Selective diffusion of molecules
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Central Nervous System Neuroglia
• Microglia
– Stationary
– Independent cells
– Immune function
• Enlarge
• Wander
• Phagocytize
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Central Nervous System Neuroglia
• Ependymal cells
– Line cavities
– Non-ciliated
• Secrete fluid
OR
– Ciliated
• Move fluid
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Central Nervous System Neuroglia
• Oligodendrocytes
– Location
• Near bodies
• Between fibers
– Form myelin sheath
– Keep fibers together
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Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
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Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
Schwann cell
• Myelinators
– Surround fibers
– Myelinated; white fibers
• Fiber bundlers
– Unmyelinated; grey fibers
• Satellites
– Surround neuron body
– Ganglia
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Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
Schwann cells
• Myelin sheath
– Wraps fiber
• Phospholipid bilayer
– Insulation
– Speeds impulse
• Neurilemma
– Perimeter
• Nucleus & cytoplasm
– Growth & repair
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Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
Schwann cells
• Nodes of Ranvier (aka myelin sheath gaps)
– Point of action potential transmission
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Neurons
• Cell body
• Axon
• Dendrite(s)
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Neurons
• Cell body
– Cytoplasm
• Fills entire cell
– Plasma membrane
• Encloses entire cell
– Neurotransmitters
• Transmit nerve signal
– Mitochondria
• Energy for nerve signal
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Neurons
• Dendrites
– Branch from cell body
– RECEIVES stimuli
– Transmit signal
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Neurons
• Axon
– Extends from axon hillock
– SENDS stimului
– Axon collaterals
– Telodendria
– Synaptic knob
• Mitochondria
• Vesicles
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Neurons
• Cytoskeleton
– Neurofibrils
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
• Axonal transport via
motor molecules
– Mitochondria
– Neurotransmitters
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Neurons
• Dendrite
– Input zone
• Axon hillock
– Summation zone
• Axon
– Conduction zone
• Telodendria &
synaptic knobs
– Output zone
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Structural Classification of Neurons
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Structural Classification of Neurons
• Multipolar neuron
– One axon
– Many dendrites
– Location
• CNS
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Structural Classification of Neurons
• Bipolar neuron
– One axon
– One highly branched dendrite
– Location
• Retina of eye
• Inner ear
• Olfactory
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Structural Classification of Neurons
• Unipolar neuron
– One process branches into
• One axon
– Central process
• Toward CNS
– Peripheral process
• Distal to CNS
– SENSORY only
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Functional
Classification
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Reflex Arc
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sensory receptor
Afferent neuron
Interneuron (CNS)
Efferent (motor) neuron
Effector (muscle or gland)
Response
Synapse
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Reflex Arc
•
•
•
•
•
Feedback loop
Synapse
Ipsilateral reflex arc
Contralateral reflex arc
Variations
– Some signals stop before reaching effector
– Some signals do not start at receptor
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Review
• Which CNS nerve cell forms the blood brain
barrier?
– Astrocyte
• Name the structure that insulates and speeds
nerve impulse.
– Myelin sheath
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Review
• Neuron with one axon and several dendrites
are usually located in the
– CNS (multipolar)
• The reflex arc neuron that is contained within
the CNS is the
– Interneuron
• Some action potentials do not start at a
receptor and end at the effector. T/F
– True
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Nerves and Tracts
p. 392
Objectives
• Describe the anatomy of a nerve
• Contrast between a nerve and a tract
• Contrast between white matter and gray
matter.
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Nerves and Tracts
• Tracts
– In CNS
– No coverings
– Individual nerve fiber
• Nerves
– In PNS
– Bundled fibers
– Connective tissue stabilizes & compartmentalizes
– Mixed; afferent & efferent fibers
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS
PNS
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ONE TRACT
→
nerve fiber
myelinated nerve fiber
nerve fiber
Myelinated
myelinated tract
Unmyelinated
nuclei
ONE NERVE
Epineurium (superficial)
Epineurium (deep - adipose & vascular)
endoneurium
nerve fiber
endoneurium
myelinated nerve fiber
endoneurium
nerve fiber
endoneurium
Epineurium (deep - adipose & vascular)
Epineurium (superficial)
"white matter"
myelinated nerve
"gray matter"
ganglia
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Review
• The outermost connective tissue coating of a
nerve is called the _______________.
– Epineurium
• If a nerve fiber is covered with a connective
tissue coating, it can be found in the _____.
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Gray matter found in the peripheral nervous
system is referred to as ___________.
– Ganglia
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Repair of Nerve Fibers p. 392
Objectives
• Describe the process of peripheral nerve fiber
repair.
• Describe the limitations of peripheral nerve
fiber repair.
• Recognize the effect of nerve damage on
effector tissue.
• Contrast repair in the PNS with the CNS.
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Repair of Peripheral Nerve Fibers
• Limited by
– Extent of trauma
– Retention of
• cell body
• neurilemma
– Absence of scarring
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Repair of CNS Nerve Fibers
• Damage usually permanent
• Neurilemma absent
• Scar tissue from astrocytes
48
Review
• Axon and myelin sheath degeneration occur at
what point in the healing process?
– Immediately following trauma
• What factors limit the healing process of
neurons?
– Cell body and neurilemma intact
– No scarring
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Review
• What happens to the tissue of the effector
during the healing process?
– Regrows after nervous connection reestablished.
• Explain why repair of nerve tracts in the CNS is
not likely.
– Lack of neurilemma
– Astrocytes quickly form scar tissue
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HEALTH matters| Blood-Brain Barrier
• Selectively permeable to
–
–
–
–
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
• Na+ and K+ cannot cross
– Alter action potentials
• Parkinson disease
– Depleted dopamine
– Rx Levodopa
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HEALTH matters| Multiple Sclerosis
• Myelin disorder of oligodendrocytes
• CNS; demyelination, plaque & inflammation
• ↓ speech & vision
strength, coordination
• Etiology
• autoimmune,
– viral
– hereditary
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References
Johnson, V. (2014). Nerve vs. tract. Diagramed by Virginia
Johnson.
Patton, K. T., & Thibodeau, G. A. (2013). Anatomy and
physiology (8th ed.) St. Louis MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Power Point (2010). Thinking smiley. Retrieved clip art from MS
Power-point 2010.
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Lecture Preparation Grade * Module A
Earned Points
Demonstrates strong organization of content 5
Covers all essential material
Organization of Nervous System
Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System 5
Displays clarity and elucidates lecture content
- Appropriate slide design and distribution of content 5
- Appropriate use of text 5
- Effective use of images, videos, etc. 5
Submitted by the assignment due date 5
Total earned points 30
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