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Sample PowerPoint presentation, with instructor feedback. Nervous System – Cells Chapter 13, p. 379-393 Patton and Thibodeau (2013) Instructor: Virginia Johnson, BSN, RN, LMT 1 SAMPLE PRESENTATION and INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK (textbook author) Score 30 / 30 Feedback Date May 21, 2014 4:41 PM Dropbox Feedback Your presentation covers the assigned material at an appropriate level. And, wow, very nicely done! One of the best I've seen--ever. Thanks for citing each image! Slide 7 is a good example of your advanced skills with PowerPoint. But more importantly, this is a great example of using animations and shapes to really zero in on a foundational concept that could mess students up later if they don't get it right. I wish I'd thought of this approach! (Note: Slide 7 is now slide 9, due to the insertion of two slides of instructor feedback.) 2 Any lecture presentation works best if you think of it as telling a story. Effective stories are those that are told in a logical way. They lead up to something. It could be something that the listener already knows about or it could be something that only makes sense at the end of the story. Either way the material leading up to the end is paving the way for that final understanding. Of course, some lectures are more like a series of short stories rather than one long story. If you think of your lecture as storytelling rather than a recitation of facts, you will find that both you and your students will learn more efficiently, because it’s a bit more “fun.” Your presentation works well for storytelling. The visual elements are great for that. (Love the "wandering" microglial cell!) Also, your use of objectives and reviews helps, too. [I very rarely give a perfect 30 points as grade. A perfect score is reserved for those presentations that are truly above and beyond ordinary expectations. Therefore, no student should expect many (if any) 30s on their lecture grades. But now I'm thinking this may not apply to you--if all your presentations are like this!] Kevin Patton, Ph.D. [email protected] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For full effect; press “Slide Show” tab (above), then “From Current Slide” (far left). Virginia Johnson 3 Introduction Endocrine Nervous 4 Road Map • Nervous system – Cells – Central nervous system • Brain • Spinal cord – Peripheral nervous system – Autonomic nervous system – Sense organs 5 Organization of Nervous System p. 382 Objectives • Describe the subdivisions of nervous system • Name the components of the central nervous system. • Name the components of the peripheral nervous system. • Compare and contrast the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 6 Organization of the Nervous System 7 Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems CNS • Brain and spinal cord • Cells within CNS • Integrates • Evaluates • Responds • PNS • Outside of CNS • Cranial nerves – Brain → skull → body • Spinal nerves – SC → body 8 Central Fibers From cell body Toward CNS Peripheral Fibers From cell body Away from CNS 9 Afferent and Efferent Divisions Afferent fibers send signal to CNS Efferent fibers send signal out of CNS 10 Somatic Nervous System • Voluntary regulation • Afferent fibers carry signal _____________________ • Efferent fibers carry signal _____________________ 11 Autonomic Nervous System • Involuntary regulation • Sympathetic division – Middle of spinal cord – Fight –or- flight • Parasympathetic division – Upper and lower spinal cord – Rest & repair 12 Review • Which division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle? – Somatic nervous system (SNS) • The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of what structures? – Brain and spinal cord (SC) 13 Review • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of what structures? – Nerve cells • What do the SNS and ANS have in common? – Afferent and efferent fibers 14 Cells of the Nervous System p. 383 Objectives • Describe the structure and function of central system neuroglia. • Describe the structure and function of peripheral system neuroglia. • Describe the structure and function of neurons. 15 Cells of the Nervous System p. 383 Objectives • Define the structural classifications of neurons. • Define the functional classifications of neurons. • Explain reflex arc pattern. 16 Glia • • • • • • AKA glial cells, neuroglia Integral component of the nervous system Estimated 900 billion! Can divide Cannot conduct Support conductive neurons 17 Central Nervous System Neuroglia 18 Central Nervous System Neuroglia • Astrocytes – Neuron growth – Assist neuron circuits – Transmit information – Form blood brain barrier (BBB) • Astrocyte feet + endothelial cell of capillary • Selective diffusion of molecules 19 Central Nervous System Neuroglia • Microglia – Stationary – Independent cells – Immune function • Enlarge • Wander • Phagocytize 20 Central Nervous System Neuroglia • Ependymal cells – Line cavities – Non-ciliated • Secrete fluid OR – Ciliated • Move fluid 21 Central Nervous System Neuroglia • Oligodendrocytes – Location • Near bodies • Between fibers – Form myelin sheath – Keep fibers together 22 Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia 23 Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia Schwann cell • Myelinators – Surround fibers – Myelinated; white fibers • Fiber bundlers – Unmyelinated; grey fibers • Satellites – Surround neuron body – Ganglia 24 Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia Schwann cells • Myelin sheath – Wraps fiber • Phospholipid bilayer – Insulation – Speeds impulse • Neurilemma – Perimeter • Nucleus & cytoplasm – Growth & repair 25 Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia Schwann cells • Nodes of Ranvier (aka myelin sheath gaps) – Point of action potential transmission 26 Neurons • Cell body • Axon • Dendrite(s) 27 Neurons • Cell body – Cytoplasm • Fills entire cell – Plasma membrane • Encloses entire cell – Neurotransmitters • Transmit nerve signal – Mitochondria • Energy for nerve signal 28 Neurons • Dendrites – Branch from cell body – RECEIVES stimuli – Transmit signal 29 Neurons • Axon – Extends from axon hillock – SENDS stimului – Axon collaterals – Telodendria – Synaptic knob • Mitochondria • Vesicles 30 Neurons • Cytoskeleton – Neurofibrils – Microfilaments – Microtubules • Axonal transport via motor molecules – Mitochondria – Neurotransmitters 31 Neurons • Dendrite – Input zone • Axon hillock – Summation zone • Axon – Conduction zone • Telodendria & synaptic knobs – Output zone 32 Structural Classification of Neurons 33 Structural Classification of Neurons • Multipolar neuron – One axon – Many dendrites – Location • CNS 34 Structural Classification of Neurons • Bipolar neuron – One axon – One highly branched dendrite – Location • Retina of eye • Inner ear • Olfactory 35 Structural Classification of Neurons • Unipolar neuron – One process branches into • One axon – Central process • Toward CNS – Peripheral process • Distal to CNS – SENSORY only 36 Functional Classification 37 Reflex Arc • • • • • • • Sensory receptor Afferent neuron Interneuron (CNS) Efferent (motor) neuron Effector (muscle or gland) Response Synapse 38 Reflex Arc • • • • • Feedback loop Synapse Ipsilateral reflex arc Contralateral reflex arc Variations – Some signals stop before reaching effector – Some signals do not start at receptor 39 Review • Which CNS nerve cell forms the blood brain barrier? – Astrocyte • Name the structure that insulates and speeds nerve impulse. – Myelin sheath 40 Review • Neuron with one axon and several dendrites are usually located in the – CNS (multipolar) • The reflex arc neuron that is contained within the CNS is the – Interneuron • Some action potentials do not start at a receptor and end at the effector. T/F – True 41 Nerves and Tracts p. 392 Objectives • Describe the anatomy of a nerve • Contrast between a nerve and a tract • Contrast between white matter and gray matter. 42 Nerves and Tracts • Tracts – In CNS – No coverings – Individual nerve fiber • Nerves – In PNS – Bundled fibers – Connective tissue stabilizes & compartmentalizes – Mixed; afferent & efferent fibers 43 NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS PNS 40 ONE TRACT → nerve fiber myelinated nerve fiber nerve fiber Myelinated myelinated tract Unmyelinated nuclei ONE NERVE Epineurium (superficial) Epineurium (deep - adipose & vascular) endoneurium nerve fiber endoneurium myelinated nerve fiber endoneurium nerve fiber endoneurium Epineurium (deep - adipose & vascular) Epineurium (superficial) "white matter" myelinated nerve "gray matter" ganglia 44 Review • The outermost connective tissue coating of a nerve is called the _______________. – Epineurium • If a nerve fiber is covered with a connective tissue coating, it can be found in the _____. – Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Gray matter found in the peripheral nervous system is referred to as ___________. – Ganglia 45 Repair of Nerve Fibers p. 392 Objectives • Describe the process of peripheral nerve fiber repair. • Describe the limitations of peripheral nerve fiber repair. • Recognize the effect of nerve damage on effector tissue. • Contrast repair in the PNS with the CNS. 46 Repair of Peripheral Nerve Fibers • Limited by – Extent of trauma – Retention of • cell body • neurilemma – Absence of scarring 47 Repair of CNS Nerve Fibers • Damage usually permanent • Neurilemma absent • Scar tissue from astrocytes 48 Review • Axon and myelin sheath degeneration occur at what point in the healing process? – Immediately following trauma • What factors limit the healing process of neurons? – Cell body and neurilemma intact – No scarring 49 Review • What happens to the tissue of the effector during the healing process? – Regrows after nervous connection reestablished. • Explain why repair of nerve tracts in the CNS is not likely. – Lack of neurilemma – Astrocytes quickly form scar tissue 50 HEALTH matters| Blood-Brain Barrier • Selectively permeable to – – – – Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose • Na+ and K+ cannot cross – Alter action potentials • Parkinson disease – Depleted dopamine – Rx Levodopa 51 HEALTH matters| Multiple Sclerosis • Myelin disorder of oligodendrocytes • CNS; demyelination, plaque & inflammation • ↓ speech & vision strength, coordination • Etiology • autoimmune, – viral – hereditary 52 References Johnson, V. (2014). Nerve vs. tract. Diagramed by Virginia Johnson. Patton, K. T., & Thibodeau, G. A. (2013). Anatomy and physiology (8th ed.) St. Louis MO: Mosby Elsevier. Power Point (2010). Thinking smiley. Retrieved clip art from MS Power-point 2010. 53 Lecture Preparation Grade * Module A Earned Points Demonstrates strong organization of content 5 Covers all essential material Organization of Nervous System Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System 5 Displays clarity and elucidates lecture content - Appropriate slide design and distribution of content 5 - Appropriate use of text 5 - Effective use of images, videos, etc. 5 Submitted by the assignment due date 5 Total earned points 30 54