Experimental methods of molecular matter
... polarizability, magnetic susceptibility, absorption cross section or other internal properties. The key idea behind these experiments is very analogous to that of atom interferometry: if we can divide a particle’s wave function to travel along at least two spatially distinct paths and if we expose t ...
... polarizability, magnetic susceptibility, absorption cross section or other internal properties. The key idea behind these experiments is very analogous to that of atom interferometry: if we can divide a particle’s wave function to travel along at least two spatially distinct paths and if we expose t ...
Polarization Optics Tutorial: Polarizers, Waveplates, Rotators, and
... that incident polarized light may be resolved into components projected along the optic axis and perpendicular to it. These two components will experience a relative phase shift (retardation) proportional to the thickness of the plate. When the fractional part of this retardation is a nonzero value, ...
... that incident polarized light may be resolved into components projected along the optic axis and perpendicular to it. These two components will experience a relative phase shift (retardation) proportional to the thickness of the plate. When the fractional part of this retardation is a nonzero value, ...
Diffractive optical element and optical pickup apparatus
... invention Will become clear from the folloWing description, taken in conjunction With the preferred embodiments With reference to the accompanying draWings in Which: [0049] FIG. 1 is a construction diagram schematically shoWing an optical pickup apparatus embodying the inven ...
... invention Will become clear from the folloWing description, taken in conjunction With the preferred embodiments With reference to the accompanying draWings in Which: [0049] FIG. 1 is a construction diagram schematically shoWing an optical pickup apparatus embodying the inven ...
Superprism phenomena in planar photonic crystals
... lies at the operating point. Kosaka et al. operated their superprism near the point, which means the vector has a large component perpendicular to the plane of the crystal. This is possible because of the 3-D confinement offered by the autocloned system. In contrast, we have to operate near the symm ...
... lies at the operating point. Kosaka et al. operated their superprism near the point, which means the vector has a large component perpendicular to the plane of the crystal. This is possible because of the 3-D confinement offered by the autocloned system. In contrast, we have to operate near the symm ...
Document
... opaque and coated with special reflective materials. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The incident ray is the line AO, the reflected ray is OB and ON is the normal to the reflecting surface. The incident and reflected angles, 1 and 2, re ...
... opaque and coated with special reflective materials. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The incident ray is the line AO, the reflected ray is OB and ON is the normal to the reflecting surface. The incident and reflected angles, 1 and 2, re ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... through a hole or a slit. It is only observable when the opening is not too much larger than the wavelength of the wave. ...
... through a hole or a slit. It is only observable when the opening is not too much larger than the wavelength of the wave. ...
Picosecond-resolution soft-x-ray laser plasma interferometry
... that propagates directly from the source. Because of the single grazing reflection this interferometer has high throughput. The fringe spacing is determined by the angle of incidence and the distances from the point source to the mirror and from the mirror to the image plane. The plasma to be probed ...
... that propagates directly from the source. Because of the single grazing reflection this interferometer has high throughput. The fringe spacing is determined by the angle of incidence and the distances from the point source to the mirror and from the mirror to the image plane. The plasma to be probed ...
Model for estimating the penetration depth limit of
... optical focus even tens of centimeters deep in the human body. However, there are two important constraints that fundamentally limit the penetration depth of TRUE focusing technique for living tissue applications. First, the incident light fluence per pulse at the tissue surface has to be smaller th ...
... optical focus even tens of centimeters deep in the human body. However, there are two important constraints that fundamentally limit the penetration depth of TRUE focusing technique for living tissue applications. First, the incident light fluence per pulse at the tissue surface has to be smaller th ...
Doppler Effect on Light Reflected from Revolving Mirrors:
... However, there are, at least, four available arguments, within the theoretical framework of the emissive or ballistic hypothesis, that can be advanced against the correctness of the above Majorana's conclusion: Two arguments based on the Galilean principle of relativity; one argument based on the an ...
... However, there are, at least, four available arguments, within the theoretical framework of the emissive or ballistic hypothesis, that can be advanced against the correctness of the above Majorana's conclusion: Two arguments based on the Galilean principle of relativity; one argument based on the an ...
A minimally invasive in-fibre Bragg grating sensor
... than gratings in non-birefringent fibres because they are typically constructed with stress ...
... than gratings in non-birefringent fibres because they are typically constructed with stress ...
Michelson Interferometer
... of π is introduced, so that in practice the zpd intensity is a minimum, i.e., a dark fringe. As d begins to increase again, after passing through the zpd position, the fringe system begins to shrink as shown in the last two panels above. Q2 – Where exactly does this extra phase change of π occur? ...
... of π is introduced, so that in practice the zpd intensity is a minimum, i.e., a dark fringe. As d begins to increase again, after passing through the zpd position, the fringe system begins to shrink as shown in the last two panels above. Q2 – Where exactly does this extra phase change of π occur? ...
Digital holography of total internal reflection
... microscopy (TIRFM) to be an effective technique to study cell-substrate contact. When light is incident from inside of a higher-index medium n1 into a lower-index one n2 , with the angle of incidence greater than the critical angle θ c = sin ( n2 n1 ) , all of the incident light is reflected back to ...
... microscopy (TIRFM) to be an effective technique to study cell-substrate contact. When light is incident from inside of a higher-index medium n1 into a lower-index one n2 , with the angle of incidence greater than the critical angle θ c = sin ( n2 n1 ) , all of the incident light is reflected back to ...
Ultracompact high-efficiency polarizing beam splitter with a hybrid
... reported in the literature2 – 6; they typically require relatively long waveguide structures (length of the order of millimeters). The approach presented in this Letter occupies an area of only 15 mm 3 10 mm. Moreover, we show that its performance accommodates reasonable fabrication tolerances. The ...
... reported in the literature2 – 6; they typically require relatively long waveguide structures (length of the order of millimeters). The approach presented in this Letter occupies an area of only 15 mm 3 10 mm. Moreover, we show that its performance accommodates reasonable fabrication tolerances. The ...
On the chromatic aberration of microlenses
... To investigate an achromatic design for a microlens we fix a diameter. Then to allow comparisons a wavelength of reference fixing Zp is required. It is now possible to plot the relative variations of this Zp against the wavelength of a defined spectrum. For example, Fig. 9 shows the variations as f ...
... To investigate an achromatic design for a microlens we fix a diameter. Then to allow comparisons a wavelength of reference fixing Zp is required. It is now possible to plot the relative variations of this Zp against the wavelength of a defined spectrum. For example, Fig. 9 shows the variations as f ...
chapter 6—light and telescopes
... b. chromatic aberration c. active optics d. spherical aberration e. adaptive optics The Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) a. is the highest resolution optical telescope ever built. b. is located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. c. is a matched pair of 8 m telescopes, one of which is in Chile and the ...
... b. chromatic aberration c. active optics d. spherical aberration e. adaptive optics The Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) a. is the highest resolution optical telescope ever built. b. is located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. c. is a matched pair of 8 m telescopes, one of which is in Chile and the ...
CHAPTER 6—LIGHT AND TELESCOPES
... b. chromatic aberration c. active optics d. spherical aberration e. adaptive optics The Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) a. is the highest resolution optical telescope ever built. b. is located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. c. is a matched pair of 8 m telescopes, one of which is in Chile and the ...
... b. chromatic aberration c. active optics d. spherical aberration e. adaptive optics The Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) a. is the highest resolution optical telescope ever built. b. is located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. c. is a matched pair of 8 m telescopes, one of which is in Chile and the ...
Paper Title
... corrugated internal surface, strong resonance effects are predicted. Such resonance effects are known as Wood anomalies. Similar effects are expected for refractive index periodic variations instead of surface corrugation, since the governing formulas are nearly the same. Namely, in the former case ...
... corrugated internal surface, strong resonance effects are predicted. Such resonance effects are known as Wood anomalies. Similar effects are expected for refractive index periodic variations instead of surface corrugation, since the governing formulas are nearly the same. Namely, in the former case ...
Prac%ce`Quiz3`Part1`
... Prac%ce Quiz 3 Part 1 These are Q’s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q’s on this year’s quiz will be the same, or even similar. ...
... Prac%ce Quiz 3 Part 1 These are Q’s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q’s on this year’s quiz will be the same, or even similar. ...
Fabry-Perot Interferometer FABRYPEROT.TEX KB 20020122
... is more or less blocked. These conditions can be adjusted by changing the wavelength and/or the geometry. Thus Fabry-Perot plates can be used to measure or to control light wavelengths or to measure geometric properties. The geometric conditions are defined by several properties including thickness, ...
... is more or less blocked. These conditions can be adjusted by changing the wavelength and/or the geometry. Thus Fabry-Perot plates can be used to measure or to control light wavelengths or to measure geometric properties. The geometric conditions are defined by several properties including thickness, ...
White-light Fourier transformer with low chromatic aberration
... to be positive or negative, provided the value of remains positive. In both cases the focal-length sign of ZP2 always is opposite that of ZP 1 . Because higher-order terms are not considered in the expansions of a 2 (a) and d2 (9), the proposed setup will suffer from residual chromatic aberration. T ...
... to be positive or negative, provided the value of remains positive. In both cases the focal-length sign of ZP2 always is opposite that of ZP 1 . Because higher-order terms are not considered in the expansions of a 2 (a) and d2 (9), the proposed setup will suffer from residual chromatic aberration. T ...
Document
... Surfaces with a high specular reflection appear very shiny. Surfaces with a low specular reflection appear matte. ...
... Surfaces with a high specular reflection appear very shiny. Surfaces with a low specular reflection appear matte. ...
Total internal reflection photonic crystal prism
... between a photonic crystal and an etched out trench. The reflection can be described by either the odd symmetry of the Bloch wave or a tangential momentum matching condition. In addition, the Bloch wave propagates through the photonic crystal in a negative refraction regime, which manages diffractio ...
... between a photonic crystal and an etched out trench. The reflection can be described by either the odd symmetry of the Bloch wave or a tangential momentum matching condition. In addition, the Bloch wave propagates through the photonic crystal in a negative refraction regime, which manages diffractio ...
H. Haus
... minimum loss. Single mode fibers and their interconnections can be made with very small insertion losses. We have been able to observe 5dB squeezing using pulses at 1.3 mm3. The squeezing is limited because different temporal portions of the Gaussian pulse do not interact with each other. Each porti ...
... minimum loss. Single mode fibers and their interconnections can be made with very small insertion losses. We have been able to observe 5dB squeezing using pulses at 1.3 mm3. The squeezing is limited because different temporal portions of the Gaussian pulse do not interact with each other. Each porti ...
Holography
... plane parallel to the hologram, Fourier holograms are generated. This geometric condition can only be satisfied for plane objects. In a Fourier hologram the interference fringes appear as a set of hyperbolas whilst especially in in-line holograms circular sets in the form of Fresnel zone lenses appe ...
... plane parallel to the hologram, Fourier holograms are generated. This geometric condition can only be satisfied for plane objects. In a Fourier hologram the interference fringes appear as a set of hyperbolas whilst especially in in-line holograms circular sets in the form of Fresnel zone lenses appe ...
Diffraction grating
In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a periodic structure, which splits and diffracts light into several beams travelling in different directions. The emerging coloration is a form of structural coloration. The directions of these beams depend on the spacing of the grating and the wavelength of the light so that the grating acts as the dispersive element. Because of this, gratings are commonly used in monochromators and spectrometers.For practical applications, gratings generally have ridges or rulings on their surface rather than dark lines. Such gratings can be either transmissive or reflective. Gratings which modulate the phase rather than the amplitude of the incident light are also produced, frequently using holography.The principles of diffraction gratings were discovered by James Gregory, about a year after Newton's prism experiments, initially with items such as bird feathers. The first man-made diffraction grating was made around 1785 by Philadelphia inventor David Rittenhouse, who strung hairs between two finely threaded screws. This was similar to notable German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer's wire diffraction grating in 1821.Diffraction can create ""rainbow"" colors when illuminated by a wide spectrum (e.g., continuous) light source. The sparkling effects from the closely spaced narrow tracks on optical storage disks such as CD's or DVDs are an example, while the similar rainbow effects caused by thin layers of oil (or gasoline, etc.) on water are not caused by a grating, but rather by interference effects in reflections from the closely spaced transmissive layers (see Examples, below). A grating has parallel lines, while a CD has a spiral of finely-spaced data tracks. Diffraction colors also appear when one looks at a bright point source through a translucent fine-pitch umbrella-fabric covering. Decorative patterned plastic films based on reflective grating patches are very inexpensive, and are commonplace.