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A. Androgens and antiandrogens
A. Androgens and antiandrogens

... 1. pregnant women, infants and young children (somatotropin is more appropriate to produce a growth spurt). 2. male patients with carcinoma of the prostate or breast. 3. renal or cardiac disease predisposed to edema Caution: Several cases of hepatocellular carcinoma have been reported in patients wi ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... FIGURE 41.12 Molecular mechanisms of neuroadaptation. Cocaine and amphetamines, as indirect sympathomimetics, stimulate the release of dopamine which acts at G protein-coupled receptors, specifically D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. These receptorsmodulate the levels of second-messengers like cyclic adenosi ...
Molecular and behavioral profiling of Dbx1
Molecular and behavioral profiling of Dbx1

... responses. Another major nucleus is the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which appears to be involved in, if not critical for, aggressive and reproductive behaviors as well as innate fear responses [1, 10, 11]. These diverse behaviors appear to be regulated by different molecularly identifiable neur ...
BLI-404-Lecture
BLI-404-Lecture

... the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Increase: ovulation, pregnancy, luteal cysts of ovary, choriocarcinoma of ovary, hydatidiform mole of the uterus Decrease: preeclampsia, toxemia of pregnancy, threatened abortion, placental failure, fetal death, ovarian n ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences

... – which is likely necessary for the completion of a few lifecycle stages of the parasite. For example, in case of Plasmodium vivax, the malarial protozoan, the definitive host is the Anopheles mosquito since the parasite completes its entire lifecycle in the mosquito itself. The intermediate host of ...
Chapters 15, and 16
Chapters 15, and 16

... The anterior pituitary produces at least six types of hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid; ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex; the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH stimulate the gonads; prolactin causes mammary glands to produce milk; and growth hormone promotes bone g ...
Organs of the Endocrine System and Their Products
Organs of the Endocrine System and Their Products

... (capillary networks and small veins) – carries regulatory hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary • releasing hormones stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones • inhibitory hormones inhibit secretion ...
Hormones and puberty
Hormones and puberty

... The pituitary gland is often called the ‘master gland’ because it controls the actions of other endocrine glands by stimulating them to release their hormones. The pituitary gland is in turn regulated by an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus detects messages from the nervous ...
Informed Consent for Testosterone Therapy For Female-to
Informed Consent for Testosterone Therapy For Female-to

... ______ ______ ___/___/___ I understand that there are brain structures which are affected by testosterone and estrogen, and that current medical science does not understand these adequately. I understand that taking a hormone may have long-term effects on the functioning of my brain which are imposs ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health

... thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), which are released into the general circulation. These hormones promote energy metabolism, protein and complex lipid synthesis, etc., in virtually all cells. Thyroid hormones also inhibit the activities of TRH secreting neurons in the paraventricular nucleu ...
Scholars Bulletin Assessment of Serum Luteinizing hormone
Scholars Bulletin Assessment of Serum Luteinizing hormone

... significant decrease (4.9±1.9, 3.3±1.9, 19.3 ± 6.1) respectively, p.value was (0.000) when compared with control. This results agree with the previous study(1) who stated that in response to drug metabolic stress cannabinoids transiently depress pituitary function as reflected by decrement in LH and ...
Cholinergic Cell Loss and Hypertrophy in the Medial Septal Nucleus
Cholinergic Cell Loss and Hypertrophy in the Medial Septal Nucleus

... for these studies were obtained from four aged (23-25 years old) and four young (10-l 2 years old) female rhesus monkeys (Mucacu muluffa). All eight subjects had been tested on a standardized battery of learning and memory tasks prior to death (Rapp and Amaral, 1989, I99 I ; Rapp, 1990). The aged mo ...
Brain Uncoupling Protein 2: Uncoupled Neuronal Mitochondria
Brain Uncoupling Protein 2: Uncoupled Neuronal Mitochondria

... (200 –250 gm) were used in this study. For the mRNA and protein analyses, 15 animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions, with tap water and regular rat chow available ad libitum; lights were maintained on a 12 hr light /dark cycle. Groups of males (n 5 5) were killed after either 24 hr o ...
Male Infertility - Austin Regional Clinic
Male Infertility - Austin Regional Clinic

... disease, brain tumors, or other problems. The nature of the headache may not reveal its cause, which may be in any of the systems involved: vision, vascular, brain, etc. With decreased sperm counts, as with the headaches, the decreased count is not specific to a particular problem in the body. It ma ...
Estrogenization of Man: Is Today`s Man Becoming the New Woman?
Estrogenization of Man: Is Today`s Man Becoming the New Woman?

... “During the course of normal male development testosterone from the male testes is converted within certain regions of the brain to estrogen. Estrogen then interacts with receptors on nerves to produce the cellular events that lead to masculine development. Thus, men can’t become men without estroge ...
eau guidelines on male hypogonadism
eau guidelines on male hypogonadism

... Measure testosterone in the morning before 11.00 hours in the fasting state. Repeat total testosterone assessment on at least two occasions with a reliable method. In addition, measure the free testosterone level in men with: - Total testosterone levels close to the lower normal range (8-12 nmol/L) ...
21. Basal ganglion
21. Basal ganglion

... This leads to disinhibition of the lateral pallidal neurons and inhibition of subthalamic nucleus. Medial pallidal neurons , therefore ,become abnormally underactive and unwanted; involuntary movements.The following signs is present: 1- Choreiform movements first appear as involuntary movements of t ...
Morphoenzymological aspects of red nucleus cerebral structures
Morphoenzymological aspects of red nucleus cerebral structures

... Results and discussion. In the red nucleus of control animals revealed three types of neurons: large (50-90 mm diameter soma), medium (20-50 mm) and small (up to 20 microns). Large neurons are mainly in the caudal and middle third of the nucleus, perikaryin contains abundant and intensely staining N ...
Critical Periods:
Critical Periods:

... How do gonadal steroids affect the nervous system to stimulate sex behavior? Female rat as a model: • both estrogen and progesterone are needed to stimulate female sex behavior--if you ovariectomize (OVX) a female rat, she will not show proceptive nor receptive behaviors • if you OVX a female rat + ...
Laboratory 7: Medulla
Laboratory 7: Medulla

... disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The middle cerebellar peduncle is so large because it contains fibers originating from the entire cereb ...
Theodore C. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Endocrinology of Fatigue
Theodore C. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Endocrinology of Fatigue

... • Raises total testosterone, but decreases free testosterone – Low free testosterone may lead to decreased libido (and maybe low energy, decreased muscle mass) ...
Az alvás és ébrenlét, gondolkodás, morális és emocionális
Az alvás és ébrenlét, gondolkodás, morális és emocionális

... have multiple interacting causes. He looked upon cerebral anemia and blood flow as being especially important factors. ...
AGE-RELATED CHANGES OF Na+, K+ - ATPase, Ca+2
AGE-RELATED CHANGES OF Na+, K+ - ATPase, Ca+2

... of 18-month-old rats. When values of ATPase activities estimated in young, mature rats, commonly used as experimental animals, were accepted as 100% (Fig.1) it was found that greater relative differences can be observed in the group of newborn rats than in the old rat group. These results may also s ...
Developmental Action of Estrogen Receptor
Developmental Action of Estrogen Receptor

... consistently expressed in all male and female mice examined (Fig. 1A), thereby indicating that ERa does not regulate non-sex-specific expression of the Cyp2a5 gene. These results indicate that the presence of the functional ERa gene is an essential factor required for expression of the Cyp2a4 gene i ...
Increased cell proliferation in the rat anterior cingulate cortex
Increased cell proliferation in the rat anterior cingulate cortex

... With respect to rat brain, the early postnatal period from postnatal day 4 to 8 is highly vulnerable to hypoxic damage (Ikonomidou et al. 1989). In contrast to humans, important steps of brain development in rats occur mainly postnatally and the brain growth spurt of early postnatal rats as well as ...
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus

The sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) is an ovoid, densely packed cluster of large cells located in the medial preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus which is believed to be related to sexual behavior in animals.Thus far, for all species of mammals investigated, the SDN has been repeatedly found to be considerably larger in males than in females. The volume of the SDN was 2.2 times as large in males as in females and contained 2.1 times as many cells. The human SDN was elongated in females and more spherical in males. No sex differences were observed in the human SDN in either cell density or mean diameter of the cell nuclei. The volume and cell number of the human SDN considerably decreases with age; although, the decrease in cell number is both sex and age-specific. In males, a substantial decrease in the cell number of the human SDN was observed between the age of 50-60 years. Cell death was more common in females than males, especially among those older than 70 years of age. The SDN cell number in females can drop to 10-15% that found in early childhood.SDN and its homologues exist widely in human, mammal, and some other animal brains, including: the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH3) in humans; ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN) in the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (MPOA/AH) in sheep; sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in rats; anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHdc) in macaques; specific area in medial preoptic nucleus (POM) in quails; etc.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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