Bioassay-Validated Recombinant Cytokines
... Other names: Fibroblast growth factor 2, Fgf-2, Fgfb, bFGF FGF-basic (FGFb) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which includes 23 members. It is also known as fibroblast growth factor 2, Fgf-2, Fgfb, and bFGF. FGFb is expressed in almost all tissues and plays an important role ...
... Other names: Fibroblast growth factor 2, Fgf-2, Fgfb, bFGF FGF-basic (FGFb) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which includes 23 members. It is also known as fibroblast growth factor 2, Fgf-2, Fgfb, and bFGF. FGFb is expressed in almost all tissues and plays an important role ...
Extracellular milieu grossly alters pathogen
... Fig. 1 Composition of the challenge medium influences extent and kinetic of pathogen-specific induction of TNF and NOS2A expression. a Influence of the different stimulation media upon extent and kinetics of the pathogen specific induction of TNF and NOS2A expression in pbMEC. a) Effect of absence ( ...
... Fig. 1 Composition of the challenge medium influences extent and kinetic of pathogen-specific induction of TNF and NOS2A expression. a Influence of the different stimulation media upon extent and kinetics of the pathogen specific induction of TNF and NOS2A expression in pbMEC. a) Effect of absence ( ...
Development of therapeutic proteins: advances
... interferons (Leader et al., 2008). These recombinant therapeutic proteins are also known as biotechnological therapeutics because they are used for multiple purposes, including diagnosis, prophylaxis, disease management, and/or cure. Moreover, protein therapeutics are known to represent one third of ...
... interferons (Leader et al., 2008). These recombinant therapeutic proteins are also known as biotechnological therapeutics because they are used for multiple purposes, including diagnosis, prophylaxis, disease management, and/or cure. Moreover, protein therapeutics are known to represent one third of ...
Here - Vanderbilt University
... When pathogens enter mosquitoes via ingestion, the initial barrier faced is physical destruction by the cibarial armature.27 This barrier, composed of sclerotized teeth and spines that protrude into the lumen of the foregut, slices large pathogens during the initial stages of ingestion and before th ...
... When pathogens enter mosquitoes via ingestion, the initial barrier faced is physical destruction by the cibarial armature.27 This barrier, composed of sclerotized teeth and spines that protrude into the lumen of the foregut, slices large pathogens during the initial stages of ingestion and before th ...
Sperm Agglutination, Sperm Shaky Head
... [11]. However, the BTB is commonly breached by physiological leakage of normally sequestered sperm antigens. ...
... [11]. However, the BTB is commonly breached by physiological leakage of normally sequestered sperm antigens. ...
Signalling pathway
... Characteristic feature: homo- and heterodimeric TFs, which in non-stimulated cells are found inactive in the cytoplasm [in a complex with IκB-repressors]. ...
... Characteristic feature: homo- and heterodimeric TFs, which in non-stimulated cells are found inactive in the cytoplasm [in a complex with IκB-repressors]. ...
MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE RESPONSES IN CNIDARIANS
... The immune system maintains the integrity of the organisms through a complex network of molecules, cells, and tissues that recognize internal or external antigenic substances to neutralized and eliminate them. The mechanisms of immune response have evolved in a modular fashion, where members of a gi ...
... The immune system maintains the integrity of the organisms through a complex network of molecules, cells, and tissues that recognize internal or external antigenic substances to neutralized and eliminate them. The mechanisms of immune response have evolved in a modular fashion, where members of a gi ...
Chapter 10
... to the rest of the body. (Think where your heart is in relation to your foregut [esophagus]. Is it ventral or dorsal?) Notice that the phrase “having one’s heart in one’s throat” truly applies to a vertebrate embryo at this stage of development. Obviously, the heart must shift posteriorly to the tho ...
... to the rest of the body. (Think where your heart is in relation to your foregut [esophagus]. Is it ventral or dorsal?) Notice that the phrase “having one’s heart in one’s throat” truly applies to a vertebrate embryo at this stage of development. Obviously, the heart must shift posteriorly to the tho ...
DNA-binding factor CTCF and long-range gene
... Likewise, in the thymus, V(D)J recombination events in the TCR loci accompany the development of mature T cells, expressing an ␣ TCR or, in a minor subset, a ␥␦ TCR on the cell surface.32 Given that all Ig and TCR loci are rearranged by a common recombination machinery, an essential level of regula ...
... Likewise, in the thymus, V(D)J recombination events in the TCR loci accompany the development of mature T cells, expressing an ␣ TCR or, in a minor subset, a ␥␦ TCR on the cell surface.32 Given that all Ig and TCR loci are rearranged by a common recombination machinery, an essential level of regula ...
Full-Text PDF
... and host survival; however, uncontrolled activation of RNase-L could lead to cell death or dysregulated gene expression [13,15,26,55]. Therefore, RNase-L is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms in order to maintain cell homeostasis. RNase-L is typically expressed at low levels in most mammalian ...
... and host survival; however, uncontrolled activation of RNase-L could lead to cell death or dysregulated gene expression [13,15,26,55]. Therefore, RNase-L is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms in order to maintain cell homeostasis. RNase-L is typically expressed at low levels in most mammalian ...
against Viruses in Innate Immune Cells B Kinase in IFN Responses
... infection. As shown in Fig. 2B, there was no difference in the induction of various IFN-␣ genes between TBK1⫹/⫺IKK-i⫹/⫺ and TBK1⫹/⫺IKK-i⫺/⫺ cells. In contrast, TBK1⫺/⫺IKK-i⫹/⫺ cells showed modest reduction in all IFN-␣ genes examined. Q-PCR analysis of IFN-a2, IFN-a5, and IFN-a11 genes further confi ...
... infection. As shown in Fig. 2B, there was no difference in the induction of various IFN-␣ genes between TBK1⫹/⫺IKK-i⫹/⫺ and TBK1⫹/⫺IKK-i⫺/⫺ cells. In contrast, TBK1⫺/⫺IKK-i⫹/⫺ cells showed modest reduction in all IFN-␣ genes examined. Q-PCR analysis of IFN-a2, IFN-a5, and IFN-a11 genes further confi ...
The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future
... related to known Toll/TLR proteins, and three Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) receptor proteins with immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, NvIL-1R1, NvIL-1R2, and NvIL-1R3. Finally, Nematostella vectensis also contains a MyD88 protein homolog, which functions in downstream transmission of TLR signaling (Miller et a ...
... related to known Toll/TLR proteins, and three Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) receptor proteins with immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, NvIL-1R1, NvIL-1R2, and NvIL-1R3. Finally, Nematostella vectensis also contains a MyD88 protein homolog, which functions in downstream transmission of TLR signaling (Miller et a ...
Role of complement in health and disease
... History • 1889‐ Hans Ernst Buchner, first observed that bactericidal effect of the serum was destroyed by heating at 55o C for one hour. • 1894‐ Pfieffer discovered that cholera vibrios were lysed when injected intraperitoneally into specifically immunized guinea pigs (bacteriolysis in vivo o ...
... History • 1889‐ Hans Ernst Buchner, first observed that bactericidal effect of the serum was destroyed by heating at 55o C for one hour. • 1894‐ Pfieffer discovered that cholera vibrios were lysed when injected intraperitoneally into specifically immunized guinea pigs (bacteriolysis in vivo o ...
Stress Hormones: A Link between Maternal Condition and
... Corticosterone and Sex Allocation mothers evolutionarily via a fine-tuning of offspring quality to match maternal quality. Therefore, given that elevated maternal glucocorticoids are related to decreased maternal condition, are transferred to young via the placenta and yolk, and have direct observa ...
... Corticosterone and Sex Allocation mothers evolutionarily via a fine-tuning of offspring quality to match maternal quality. Therefore, given that elevated maternal glucocorticoids are related to decreased maternal condition, are transferred to young via the placenta and yolk, and have direct observa ...
Candida Infections: An Update on Host Immune Defenses and Anti
... this fungus can cause localized infections in patients whose immune systems have been compromised[10, 11]. Adherence of C. glabrata to human epithelial cells relies mainly on Epa (epithelial adhesins) proteins, which are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell proteins with well-defined modular s ...
... this fungus can cause localized infections in patients whose immune systems have been compromised[10, 11]. Adherence of C. glabrata to human epithelial cells relies mainly on Epa (epithelial adhesins) proteins, which are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell proteins with well-defined modular s ...
Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide and Gram
... LPS- and heat killed SA-induced cytokine and chemokine production in splenocytes from wild type (WT), Gαi2 (−/−) or Gαi1/3 (−/−) mice were investigated. LPS- or SA-induced production of TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-12, IL-17, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, MCP-1, MIG and IP-10 were significantly increased (1.2 to 33 fold, ...
... LPS- and heat killed SA-induced cytokine and chemokine production in splenocytes from wild type (WT), Gαi2 (−/−) or Gαi1/3 (−/−) mice were investigated. LPS- or SA-induced production of TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-12, IL-17, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, MCP-1, MIG and IP-10 were significantly increased (1.2 to 33 fold, ...
Localized Maternal Proteins in Xenopus
... become regionally localized in the oocyte during oogenesis and are subsequently inherited differentially during cleavage. The localization of maternal factors in the frog egg can be inferred from an analysis of the developmental potential along the animal/vegetal axis (AV). The egg has a single axis ...
... become regionally localized in the oocyte during oogenesis and are subsequently inherited differentially during cleavage. The localization of maternal factors in the frog egg can be inferred from an analysis of the developmental potential along the animal/vegetal axis (AV). The egg has a single axis ...
Evolution of the innate immune system: the worm perspective
... (ii) Most importantly, some of these model systems (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Arabidopsis thaliana) permit faster and more efficient genetic analysis than the typical vertebrate models (e.g. mice and zebra fish). They are also less complex, showing a much lower level ...
... (ii) Most importantly, some of these model systems (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Arabidopsis thaliana) permit faster and more efficient genetic analysis than the typical vertebrate models (e.g. mice and zebra fish). They are also less complex, showing a much lower level ...
Rhesus rhadinovirus vIRF R12 disrupts the PML
... infection in host. During latent infection, only a small number of viral proteins are expressed to trigger minimal host immune responses, and the viral genome is kept as episomes in infected nucleus (4). The latently infected cells usually maintain a normal metabolism, instead of being lysed by lyti ...
... infection in host. During latent infection, only a small number of viral proteins are expressed to trigger minimal host immune responses, and the viral genome is kept as episomes in infected nucleus (4). The latently infected cells usually maintain a normal metabolism, instead of being lysed by lyti ...
Carbohydrate-based interactions on the route of a spermatozoon to
... the oviductal epithelium, whereby the newly developed hyperactivated motility may help the detachment of spermatozoa and facilitate their swimming to the site of fertilization (Hunter, 1996; Suarez, 1996, 1998; Smith, 1998 and references therein). On approaching the oocyte, the spermatozoon must fir ...
... the oviductal epithelium, whereby the newly developed hyperactivated motility may help the detachment of spermatozoa and facilitate their swimming to the site of fertilization (Hunter, 1996; Suarez, 1996, 1998; Smith, 1998 and references therein). On approaching the oocyte, the spermatozoon must fir ...
Janeway`s Immunobiology, 9th Edition Chapter 2: Innate Immunity
... Multiple choice: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three complement pathways. This enzyme cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is pote ...
... Multiple choice: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three complement pathways. This enzyme cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is pote ...
Use of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Updated
... cost-saving when compared with 4vHPV for both sexes in a cost-effectiveness model that assumed 9vHPV cost $13 more per dose than 4vHPV. Cost-effectiveness ratios for 9vHPV remained favorable compared with 4vHPV (9vHPV was costsaving in most scenarios, and the cost per quality-adjusted life year gain ...
... cost-saving when compared with 4vHPV for both sexes in a cost-effectiveness model that assumed 9vHPV cost $13 more per dose than 4vHPV. Cost-effectiveness ratios for 9vHPV remained favorable compared with 4vHPV (9vHPV was costsaving in most scenarios, and the cost per quality-adjusted life year gain ...
Immune System Computation and the Immunological Homunculus
... The task of maintaining the body obviously demands immune computation. Maintenance, including defense, requires the dynamic deployment of varied inflammatory processes based on reliable information about cells in flux. The inflammatory response suited to repair a broken bone, for example, is clearly ...
... The task of maintaining the body obviously demands immune computation. Maintenance, including defense, requires the dynamic deployment of varied inflammatory processes based on reliable information about cells in flux. The inflammatory response suited to repair a broken bone, for example, is clearly ...
Cytomegalovirus Tegument Proteins and the
... A good tegument protein to target would be pp65, since it is the most abundant tegu‐ ment protein [67]. pp65 is implicated in counteracting both innate and adaptive immune responses during CMV infections. It invokes humoral and cellular immunity and is the dominant target antigen of cytotoxic T lymp ...
... A good tegument protein to target would be pp65, since it is the most abundant tegu‐ ment protein [67]. pp65 is implicated in counteracting both innate and adaptive immune responses during CMV infections. It invokes humoral and cellular immunity and is the dominant target antigen of cytotoxic T lymp ...
Signaling pathways
... Rel with TAD (dimeric with ≥ 1 Rel-monomers which are potent transactivators) synthesized in their mature form Rel or c-Rel (as well as v-Rel) RelA (p65) RelB Drosophilas dorsal and Dif ...
... Rel with TAD (dimeric with ≥ 1 Rel-monomers which are potent transactivators) synthesized in their mature form Rel or c-Rel (as well as v-Rel) RelA (p65) RelB Drosophilas dorsal and Dif ...
Drosophila melanogaster
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Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly or vinegar fly. Starting with Charles W. Woodworth's proposal of the use of this species as a model organism, D. melanogaster continues to be widely used for biological research in studies of genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and life history evolution. It is typically used because it is an animal species that is easy to care for, has four pairs of chromosomes, breeds quickly, and lays many eggs. D. melanogaster is a common pest in homes, restaurants, and other occupied places where food is served.Flies belonging to the family Tephritidae are also called ""fruit flies"". This can cause confusion, especially in Australia and South Africa, where the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is an economic pest.