The Spinal Cord
... arrectores pilorum and sweat glands of head, neck, trunk and limbs • The fibers from their networks around blood vessels passing to visceral end organs • Terminate directly in certain organs ...
... arrectores pilorum and sweat glands of head, neck, trunk and limbs • The fibers from their networks around blood vessels passing to visceral end organs • Terminate directly in certain organs ...
Developmental Anatomy of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature
... The exudative (wet form) of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of the choriocapillaris with occasional invasion through Bruch’s membrane into the subretinal space. Leakage of the fluid and/or blood often leads to retinal or RPE detachment and loss of ...
... The exudative (wet form) of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of the choriocapillaris with occasional invasion through Bruch’s membrane into the subretinal space. Leakage of the fluid and/or blood often leads to retinal or RPE detachment and loss of ...
6-2016-17 9-10 cr. n. jamePowerPoint Presentation
... the tongue gently if necessary. Ask the patient to say "ahhh" as long as possible. Observe the palatal arches as they contract and the soft palate as it swings up and back in order to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. Normal palatal arches will constrict and elevate, and the uvula will ...
... the tongue gently if necessary. Ask the patient to say "ahhh" as long as possible. Observe the palatal arches as they contract and the soft palate as it swings up and back in order to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. Normal palatal arches will constrict and elevate, and the uvula will ...
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye
... The cornea is mostly a protective element for the eye, but also functions as a lens. The cornea has about four times the focusing power than the actual lens itself does. The lens, much like the cornea, is made from embryonic skin and is also transparent; however it is able to change focus, which the ...
... The cornea is mostly a protective element for the eye, but also functions as a lens. The cornea has about four times the focusing power than the actual lens itself does. The lens, much like the cornea, is made from embryonic skin and is also transparent; however it is able to change focus, which the ...
The Human Brain and its Perception of Color
... listened to their story, witnessing the anxiety of a woman who felt helpless and unable to assist her little girl and a child who would learn differently from others and be presented with struggles related to a lack of seeing color as the majority of others do. As an optician, I wanted to combat an ...
... listened to their story, witnessing the anxiety of a woman who felt helpless and unable to assist her little girl and a child who would learn differently from others and be presented with struggles related to a lack of seeing color as the majority of others do. As an optician, I wanted to combat an ...
Pupil abnormalities
... and the gain of the light reflex via a supranuclear inhibitory tone on the parasympathetic nuclei in the mid-brain); emotions (psychic influences act via the limbic system on the hypothalamus); accommodation (through the near triad synkinesis, the anatomy of which is still not fully understood); and ...
... and the gain of the light reflex via a supranuclear inhibitory tone on the parasympathetic nuclei in the mid-brain); emotions (psychic influences act via the limbic system on the hypothalamus); accommodation (through the near triad synkinesis, the anatomy of which is still not fully understood); and ...
OT Role in Visual Screening and Referral for Individuals with
... Questions for Caregivers to ask during the initial Neuro-optometry visit ...
... Questions for Caregivers to ask during the initial Neuro-optometry visit ...
Lauscha, Germany: Historic Images
... In the past decade, researchers have discovered several types (6 types) of mammalian intrinsically specialized photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that secrete the photosensitive molecule, melanopsin, which influences mammalian circadian rhythms.25 It is suspected that these chemicals also influen ...
... In the past decade, researchers have discovered several types (6 types) of mammalian intrinsically specialized photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that secrete the photosensitive molecule, melanopsin, which influences mammalian circadian rhythms.25 It is suspected that these chemicals also influen ...
31.4 Senses PowerPoint
... Many tissues respond to chemicals released during infection or inflammation. The brain, interestingly, does not have pain receptors. patients are often kept conscious during brain surgery, enabling them to tell surgeons what sensations are produced when parts of the brain are ...
... Many tissues respond to chemicals released during infection or inflammation. The brain, interestingly, does not have pain receptors. patients are often kept conscious during brain surgery, enabling them to tell surgeons what sensations are produced when parts of the brain are ...
ppt
... Sight loss can be variable but, like other macular problems, Best's disease threatens central vision in one or both eyes. Within 5 identifiable stages, examination of the eye discloses a distinct progression. At first and second stages, there may be little or no effect on sight. ...
... Sight loss can be variable but, like other macular problems, Best's disease threatens central vision in one or both eyes. Within 5 identifiable stages, examination of the eye discloses a distinct progression. At first and second stages, there may be little or no effect on sight. ...
single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in
... given cell the receptive fields mapped in the two eyes are similar in arrangement and occupy corresponding retinal positions. Although stimuli to corresponding retinal points thus produce qualitatively similar responses, the strengths of the responses from the two eyes are not necessarily equal: som ...
... given cell the receptive fields mapped in the two eyes are similar in arrangement and occupy corresponding retinal positions. Although stimuli to corresponding retinal points thus produce qualitatively similar responses, the strengths of the responses from the two eyes are not necessarily equal: som ...
Cerebellar Vermis
... red nucleus and VL nucleus of the thalamus. The fastigial nucleus has reciprocal connections with the vestibular complex thru the juxtarestiform body. ...
... red nucleus and VL nucleus of the thalamus. The fastigial nucleus has reciprocal connections with the vestibular complex thru the juxtarestiform body. ...
Limbal stem cell deficiency: special focus on
... Other possible LSC markers include primary cilium expression in the presence of large heterochromatinized nuclei, as well as stage-specific early embryogenic antigen-4 and p63α co-expression (Mariappan et al., 2014). Cytoplasmic expression of the leucine-rich repeatcontaining G-protein-coupled recep ...
... Other possible LSC markers include primary cilium expression in the presence of large heterochromatinized nuclei, as well as stage-specific early embryogenic antigen-4 and p63α co-expression (Mariappan et al., 2014). Cytoplasmic expression of the leucine-rich repeatcontaining G-protein-coupled recep ...
Pupillary Abnormalities
... Note the pupillary constriction of both eyes. When the beam is swung from eye to eye, the bilateral pupil constriction should not change and both pupils should hold their degree of constriction. If an RAPD is present then when light is shone on to the abnormal pupil, both pupils appear to dilate bec ...
... Note the pupillary constriction of both eyes. When the beam is swung from eye to eye, the bilateral pupil constriction should not change and both pupils should hold their degree of constriction. If an RAPD is present then when light is shone on to the abnormal pupil, both pupils appear to dilate bec ...
Autonomic nervous system
... vertebral. In this region divided into medial and lateral branch. Medial branch –connect in two side and passes caudally in tail with middle coccigeal artery. In this uniting region there is ganglion called ganglion impars , also in pelvic part found sacral ganglion beside the ventral foramen of the ...
... vertebral. In this region divided into medial and lateral branch. Medial branch –connect in two side and passes caudally in tail with middle coccigeal artery. In this uniting region there is ganglion called ganglion impars , also in pelvic part found sacral ganglion beside the ventral foramen of the ...
The Ophthalmic Examination
... reflex blink is the end point. Therefore, the seventh cranial nerve and orbicularis oculi muscle must also be intact along with visual pathways up to and including the cortex. When performing this test the examiner should stand on one side of the animal to assure that his hand motion is not in the v ...
... reflex blink is the end point. Therefore, the seventh cranial nerve and orbicularis oculi muscle must also be intact along with visual pathways up to and including the cortex. When performing this test the examiner should stand on one side of the animal to assure that his hand motion is not in the v ...
Study outline for Cornea/Sclera
... The collagen in the cornea and sclera is associated w/ polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A proteoglycan is a core protein to which many GAG are attached, and they form a matrix around the collagen fibrils. The dominant GAGs in the cornea and sclera are dermatan sulfate and k ...
... The collagen in the cornea and sclera is associated w/ polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A proteoglycan is a core protein to which many GAG are attached, and they form a matrix around the collagen fibrils. The dominant GAGs in the cornea and sclera are dermatan sulfate and k ...
p. D1eye - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... HOLMES-ADIE (myotonic) pupil (slow idiopathic degeneration of ciliary ganglion) – unilateral (80%) moderately dilated pupil and poorly reactive to light (if at all); slowly reactive to accommodation (wait & watch carefully – eventually constricts more than normal pupil). ARGYLL ROBERTSON pupil (neur ...
... HOLMES-ADIE (myotonic) pupil (slow idiopathic degeneration of ciliary ganglion) – unilateral (80%) moderately dilated pupil and poorly reactive to light (if at all); slowly reactive to accommodation (wait & watch carefully – eventually constricts more than normal pupil). ARGYLL ROBERTSON pupil (neur ...
the eye and vision
... ultimately transmitted to the optic cortex of the brain. Vision is the result. The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire neural retina, except where the optic nerve (the bundled axons of the ganglion cells) leaves the eyeball. This site is called the optic disc, or blind spot. Lateral ...
... ultimately transmitted to the optic cortex of the brain. Vision is the result. The photoreceptor cells are distributed over the entire neural retina, except where the optic nerve (the bundled axons of the ganglion cells) leaves the eyeball. This site is called the optic disc, or blind spot. Lateral ...
NBCE Mock Board Questions Spinal Anatomy
... A patient displays a symmetrical loss of pain and temperature on the shoulder area on both sides of the body with no loss of tactile sensation. Pain and temperature and tactile sensation are normal over the rest of the body. This condition would be due mostly likely to lesion of: A. Anterior white c ...
... A patient displays a symmetrical loss of pain and temperature on the shoulder area on both sides of the body with no loss of tactile sensation. Pain and temperature and tactile sensation are normal over the rest of the body. This condition would be due mostly likely to lesion of: A. Anterior white c ...
Light and Optical Systems
... cosmetic mirrors and car headlights Mirrors that bulge out are called Convex mirrors Convex mirrors form images that appear much smaller and farther away than the object - but they can reflect light from a large area Focal point is in behind mirror rear-view mirrors and side mirrors on automobiles ...
... cosmetic mirrors and car headlights Mirrors that bulge out are called Convex mirrors Convex mirrors form images that appear much smaller and farther away than the object - but they can reflect light from a large area Focal point is in behind mirror rear-view mirrors and side mirrors on automobiles ...
Anatomy of Root of the Neck
... Papilledema (edema of optic disc) –incr. CSF pressure on SAS, (indicator of ICP, useful before lumbar puncture) Optic Neurosis-diminution of visual acuity-optic disc appears smaller (inflammatory, degenerative, toxic, etc) Visual Field Defects –tumors of pituitary, berry aneurysm of ICA or ant. cere ...
... Papilledema (edema of optic disc) –incr. CSF pressure on SAS, (indicator of ICP, useful before lumbar puncture) Optic Neurosis-diminution of visual acuity-optic disc appears smaller (inflammatory, degenerative, toxic, etc) Visual Field Defects –tumors of pituitary, berry aneurysm of ICA or ant. cere ...
Characterization of corneal stromal stem cells with the potential for
... [23,27-34]. At the intracellular level, transparency is aided by the production of crystallins, aldehyde dehydrogenase class 1 (ALDH1) and transketolase [35-37]. These characteristic proteins can be used to identify keratocytes, along with cell-surface markers CD133 and CD34 [24,38,39]. The percepti ...
... [23,27-34]. At the intracellular level, transparency is aided by the production of crystallins, aldehyde dehydrogenase class 1 (ALDH1) and transketolase [35-37]. These characteristic proteins can be used to identify keratocytes, along with cell-surface markers CD133 and CD34 [24,38,39]. The percepti ...
Noninvasive two-photon microscopy imaging of mouse retina and
... (Ret-NH2), a powerful inhibitor of the retinoid cycle20, even though we reduced the laser power by 17% for the same detector settings (Supplementary Fig. 1). We also imaged and counted the neuronal nuclei in the ganglion cell layer at 0.6 mm eccentricity and found 2,500 nuclei per mm2 (Fig. 2d), whi ...
... (Ret-NH2), a powerful inhibitor of the retinoid cycle20, even though we reduced the laser power by 17% for the same detector settings (Supplementary Fig. 1). We also imaged and counted the neuronal nuclei in the ganglion cell layer at 0.6 mm eccentricity and found 2,500 nuclei per mm2 (Fig. 2d), whi ...
Viktor`s Notes * Retinal Disorders
... – if cilioretinal artery supplies fovea, visual acuity (central vision) in 80% returns to 20/50 (or better) over 2-week period. fovea is the only part with 20/20 vision! Acute stage - inner retinal layer edema, ganglion cell nuclei pyknosis. pale, opaque fundus with red fovea ischemic necrosis - r ...
... – if cilioretinal artery supplies fovea, visual acuity (central vision) in 80% returns to 20/50 (or better) over 2-week period. fovea is the only part with 20/20 vision! Acute stage - inner retinal layer edema, ganglion cell nuclei pyknosis. pale, opaque fundus with red fovea ischemic necrosis - r ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.