Morphology of the hypothalamus in advanced teleost fishes
... actinopterygianfishes (Fig. 2A). (2) The Nucleus rotundus hypothulumi, mentioned by Fritsch ( 1878) and Franz ( 19 121, is cytoarchitectonically the most conspicuous nucleus in the teleost hypothalamus. In transverse sections (Fig. 2A, B, C), the nucleus is recognized as a ring of densely packed, sm ...
... actinopterygianfishes (Fig. 2A). (2) The Nucleus rotundus hypothulumi, mentioned by Fritsch ( 1878) and Franz ( 19 121, is cytoarchitectonically the most conspicuous nucleus in the teleost hypothalamus. In transverse sections (Fig. 2A, B, C), the nucleus is recognized as a ring of densely packed, sm ...
AHD Darwich Apr 15
... Lemniscus Nuclei • The posterior (dorsal, smaller) nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is intercalated in the ascending fiber bundles of the lateral lemniscus • It is caudal to the inferior colliculus. • Its ascending projections decussate in the posterior tegmental commissure and terminate in the cont ...
... Lemniscus Nuclei • The posterior (dorsal, smaller) nucleus of the lateral lemniscus is intercalated in the ascending fiber bundles of the lateral lemniscus • It is caudal to the inferior colliculus. • Its ascending projections decussate in the posterior tegmental commissure and terminate in the cont ...
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation applied to the infratrochlear
... prevents miosis caused by eye exposure to both chemical and physical noxious stimuli. They have concluded that sensory fibres mediate the pupillary response. Holmdhal et al. [12] showed that the iris constriction occurring during the ocular inflammatory response is inhibited by an antagonist of SP. ...
... prevents miosis caused by eye exposure to both chemical and physical noxious stimuli. They have concluded that sensory fibres mediate the pupillary response. Holmdhal et al. [12] showed that the iris constriction occurring during the ocular inflammatory response is inhibited by an antagonist of SP. ...
Pathophysiology.of.retinal.vein.occlusion
... It is likely that the sudden retinal ischemia that occurs in BRVO and more so in CRVO will induce excessive VEGF production. VEGF is produced by the retina from retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and Muller cells, as well as other types of ocular tissue.22 Boyd et al found a close ...
... It is likely that the sudden retinal ischemia that occurs in BRVO and more so in CRVO will induce excessive VEGF production. VEGF is produced by the retina from retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and Muller cells, as well as other types of ocular tissue.22 Boyd et al found a close ...
Hutson and Chien_2002 - Marine Biological Laboratory
... understanding of axon guidance and synaptogenesis, particularly through genetic analysis of invertebrate models and in vitro analysis of vertebrates. Such analyses have revealed an apparently canonical set of gene families that are conserved across the animal kingdom [1]. Given this knowledge, three ...
... understanding of axon guidance and synaptogenesis, particularly through genetic analysis of invertebrate models and in vitro analysis of vertebrates. Such analyses have revealed an apparently canonical set of gene families that are conserved across the animal kingdom [1]. Given this knowledge, three ...
The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
... Equilibrium and Hearing • The Vestibular Complex and Equilibrium • The utricle and saccule • The utricle and saccule are connected to the ampulla and to each other and to the fluid within the cochlea • Hair cells of the utricle and saccule are in clusters called maculae • Hair cells are embedded in ...
... Equilibrium and Hearing • The Vestibular Complex and Equilibrium • The utricle and saccule • The utricle and saccule are connected to the ampulla and to each other and to the fluid within the cochlea • Hair cells of the utricle and saccule are in clusters called maculae • Hair cells are embedded in ...
NIH Biosketch - University of Pittsburgh
... holds significant therapeutic potential, and will exploit the information gained in these studies to develop cocktails of blocking reagents with optimal efficacy for treating HSK. ONGOING P30 EY08098-20 Hendricks (PI & Module Director) NIH/NEI “Core Grant for Vision Research” ...
... holds significant therapeutic potential, and will exploit the information gained in these studies to develop cocktails of blocking reagents with optimal efficacy for treating HSK. ONGOING P30 EY08098-20 Hendricks (PI & Module Director) NIH/NEI “Core Grant for Vision Research” ...
Pupillary responses in amblyopia - British Journal of Ophthalmology
... unlikely that postchiasmal changes in amblyopia would cause such a pupillary defect in the presence of a normal disc appearance. If the retina is considered at the site for the cause, then again several suggestions may be made. Retinal haemorrhages at birth could cause an undetectable retinal defect ...
... unlikely that postchiasmal changes in amblyopia would cause such a pupillary defect in the presence of a normal disc appearance. If the retina is considered at the site for the cause, then again several suggestions may be made. Retinal haemorrhages at birth could cause an undetectable retinal defect ...
Cerebral Cortex - LSU School of Medicine
... Simple cells respond best to light in one axis of orientation with basic “on” or “off” response o Located in layer IV o Receive impulses directly from lateral geniculate nucleus o Receive monocular input ...
... Simple cells respond best to light in one axis of orientation with basic “on” or “off” response o Located in layer IV o Receive impulses directly from lateral geniculate nucleus o Receive monocular input ...
View PDF
... the feasibility of small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting VEGF gene in attenuating oxygen induced retinopathy(OIR) by regulating VEGF to PEDF ratio(VEGF/PEDF). Methods. In vitro, cultured EOMA cells were transfected with VEGF-siRNA (psi-HITM/EGFP/VEGF siRNA)and Lipofectamine 2000 for 24 h, 48 h, a ...
... the feasibility of small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting VEGF gene in attenuating oxygen induced retinopathy(OIR) by regulating VEGF to PEDF ratio(VEGF/PEDF). Methods. In vitro, cultured EOMA cells were transfected with VEGF-siRNA (psi-HITM/EGFP/VEGF siRNA)and Lipofectamine 2000 for 24 h, 48 h, a ...
The pupillary response of cephalopods
... speed of the pupil response in coleoid cephalopods is therefore generally quoted as being much less rapid than that of, for example, mammals (e.g. Hurley et al., 1978; Messenger, 1981). However, the temporal resolution of this earlier work was poor as digital video technology was not available. Here ...
... speed of the pupil response in coleoid cephalopods is therefore generally quoted as being much less rapid than that of, for example, mammals (e.g. Hurley et al., 1978; Messenger, 1981). However, the temporal resolution of this earlier work was poor as digital video technology was not available. Here ...
MICROSCOPE
... During the study of use and care of the microscope, it is also very important to know about the different parts of the most commonly used microscope i.e .. Light Microscope. Only three major portions contribute to make a microscope and these are 1. optical tube (body tube or lens tube), comprising o ...
... During the study of use and care of the microscope, it is also very important to know about the different parts of the most commonly used microscope i.e .. Light Microscope. Only three major portions contribute to make a microscope and these are 1. optical tube (body tube or lens tube), comprising o ...
hemianopsia
... causing such sensations as touch, heat, pain, and pressure, will also tend to appear in the right halves of the visual fields. Again, both the visual and somatosensory information is transmitted to the same hemisphere--the left. Thus, one can see how visual, somatosensory, and motor functions for on ...
... causing such sensations as touch, heat, pain, and pressure, will also tend to appear in the right halves of the visual fields. Again, both the visual and somatosensory information is transmitted to the same hemisphere--the left. Thus, one can see how visual, somatosensory, and motor functions for on ...
1 Measurement of PO2 during vitrectomy for central retinal vein
... This PO2 gradient was also observed in the CRVO group with a mean value of 10.3 ± 7.8 mm Hg. Furthermore, at both recording sites the mean PO2 was significantly less in eyes with CRVO, compared to control eyes; figure 1A, table 1. In three patients (one control, two CRVO), PO2 measurements were als ...
... This PO2 gradient was also observed in the CRVO group with a mean value of 10.3 ± 7.8 mm Hg. Furthermore, at both recording sites the mean PO2 was significantly less in eyes with CRVO, compared to control eyes; figure 1A, table 1. In three patients (one control, two CRVO), PO2 measurements were als ...
Midterm Outcomes of Autologous Cultivated Limbal Stem Cell
... Epithelial defect healed in all 4 cases with subsequent optical PKPs during 2 weeks. We had 3 cases of success in these eyes. Total progressive corneal conjunctivalization was observed in 1 case (failure). In successful cases, a slowly progressive corneal conjunctivalization was observed sparing the ...
... Epithelial defect healed in all 4 cases with subsequent optical PKPs during 2 weeks. We had 3 cases of success in these eyes. Total progressive corneal conjunctivalization was observed in 1 case (failure). In successful cases, a slowly progressive corneal conjunctivalization was observed sparing the ...
Hearing
... – Protrude into endolymph – Longest enmeshed in gel-like tectorial membrane • Sound bending these toward kinocilium – Opens mechanically gated ion channels – Inward K+ and Ca2+ current causes graded potential and release of neurotransmitter glutamate – Cochlear fibers transmit impulses to brain ...
... – Protrude into endolymph – Longest enmeshed in gel-like tectorial membrane • Sound bending these toward kinocilium – Opens mechanically gated ion channels – Inward K+ and Ca2+ current causes graded potential and release of neurotransmitter glutamate – Cochlear fibers transmit impulses to brain ...
Four corneal presbyopia corrections
... and reduced visual satisfaction.22–24 In contrast, the aspheric GO includes an even naturally occurring corneal asphericity that provides a variable pseudoaccommodation depending on the asphericity constant Q and the pupil diameter change amplitude during the near reflex. Because of its increased de ...
... and reduced visual satisfaction.22–24 In contrast, the aspheric GO includes an even naturally occurring corneal asphericity that provides a variable pseudoaccommodation depending on the asphericity constant Q and the pupil diameter change amplitude during the near reflex. Because of its increased de ...
Article 4 Pathway Differences in the Amblyopic Brain
... in amblyopes to describe the structural and functional differences in the amblyopic light reflex pathway, from retina to cortex. Classical Model of the Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway In the textbook model, the pupillary light reflex pathway consists of three subcortical parts: the afferent pathway, ...
... in amblyopes to describe the structural and functional differences in the amblyopic light reflex pathway, from retina to cortex. Classical Model of the Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway In the textbook model, the pupillary light reflex pathway consists of three subcortical parts: the afferent pathway, ...
Macular Degeneration
... outer layers of the retina, while the retinal blood circulation supplies the inner layers. Over time, the retina atrophies, or degenerates, over these area of drusen, and a spotty loss of vision occurs. If more and more of these atrophic areas form and merge together, the macula www.healthoracle.org ...
... outer layers of the retina, while the retinal blood circulation supplies the inner layers. Over time, the retina atrophies, or degenerates, over these area of drusen, and a spotty loss of vision occurs. If more and more of these atrophic areas form and merge together, the macula www.healthoracle.org ...
Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal
... al., 1996). We have also found vascular defects in VEGF188/188 mice including abnormal vascular remodeling in the lung and retina (Galambos, C. et al., 2002; Stalmans, I. et al., 2002). Taken together, these finding prove that the VEGF isoforms are not functionally equivalent and that they serve spe ...
... al., 1996). We have also found vascular defects in VEGF188/188 mice including abnormal vascular remodeling in the lung and retina (Galambos, C. et al., 2002; Stalmans, I. et al., 2002). Taken together, these finding prove that the VEGF isoforms are not functionally equivalent and that they serve spe ...
Cone contributions to signals for accommodation
... (670 nm) and green (546 nm), the other half is illuminated with yellow (590 nm). These wavelengths do not appreciably stimulate the short-wavelength sensitive cones. A match between the two hemi-Welds can be achieved by adjusting both the red/green ratio and brightness of the yellow Weld. Subjects a ...
... (670 nm) and green (546 nm), the other half is illuminated with yellow (590 nm). These wavelengths do not appreciably stimulate the short-wavelength sensitive cones. A match between the two hemi-Welds can be achieved by adjusting both the red/green ratio and brightness of the yellow Weld. Subjects a ...
The illumination intensity in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
... The role of illumination in caring for hospitalised neonates (it maintains and influences the development of vision processes, regulates the circadian rhythm, enables professional care and parents’ visits) and taking into consideration the harmful effect of too bright light on the development of the ...
... The role of illumination in caring for hospitalised neonates (it maintains and influences the development of vision processes, regulates the circadian rhythm, enables professional care and parents’ visits) and taking into consideration the harmful effect of too bright light on the development of the ...
“Suppliers of advanced neuro embolisation coils” Optic nerve
... accompanying vein, and runs within it to the retina. As the nerve enters the orbital (or “optic”) foramen its dural sheath becomes continuous with that lining the orbit and the optic foramen. The optic canal is formed by the union of the two roots of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. The limite ...
... accompanying vein, and runs within it to the retina. As the nerve enters the orbital (or “optic”) foramen its dural sheath becomes continuous with that lining the orbit and the optic foramen. The optic canal is formed by the union of the two roots of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. The limite ...
sample - Test Bank Team
... If the person is unable to see even the largest letters when standing 20 feet from the chart, then the nurse should shorten the distance to the chart until the letters are seen, and record that distance (e.g., “10/200”). If visual acuity is even lower, then the nurse should assess whether the person ...
... If the person is unable to see even the largest letters when standing 20 feet from the chart, then the nurse should shorten the distance to the chart until the letters are seen, and record that distance (e.g., “10/200”). If visual acuity is even lower, then the nurse should assess whether the person ...
Preganglionic fibers
... There are a few representative motor areas in the limbic lobe of the cerebrum: Respiration; Blood pressure ;Gastrointestine; Bladder pupil etc. Hypothalamus also regulate visceral activity: low center of sympathetic and parasympathetic n. Brain stem and cerebellum: Brain stem directly regulate the f ...
... There are a few representative motor areas in the limbic lobe of the cerebrum: Respiration; Blood pressure ;Gastrointestine; Bladder pupil etc. Hypothalamus also regulate visceral activity: low center of sympathetic and parasympathetic n. Brain stem and cerebellum: Brain stem directly regulate the f ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.