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types of businesses - Public Schools of Robeson County
types of businesses - Public Schools of Robeson County

... specifying how much money each of you will contribute and what role each partner will play in the business ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Economic Research Volume Title: Research Findings in the Economics of Aging
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... their research on “Implicit Taxes on Work from Social Security and Medicare.” They show how there is a substantial implicit tax on work from Social Security for many workers who are nearing retirement age due to several features of the benefit formula that result in additional work translating into ...
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... and liquefied petroleum gas) are estimated to have climbed 20% in real terms, while external-debt interest payments were up by almost 25%. The proportion represented by these two items within total current expenditure (40%) rose by five percentage points in 2007. Capital expenditure remained as buoy ...
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... 2009 as commodity prices on the international market fell in the last quarter of 2008. The overall fiscal balances at the end of June 2009 improved as the deficit shrank from 3.0% of GDP in June 2008 to 1.7% of GDP in 2009, although the ratio of total public debt to GDP remained unsustainable at 96% ...
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... for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) but higher than the Latin American average. Of this total, domestic debt represented 21.1% of GDP and net external debt 9.6% of GDP (0.5 and 0.1 percentage points more than at the close of 2009, respectively). The federal government carried out two ma ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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