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Panama_en.pdf
Panama_en.pdf

... Under existing agreements, public and private investments of about US$ 20 billion will continue to be executed in 2008-2010. These projects include the construction of a third set of locks for the Panama Canal, road works to expand and improve the coastal highway, and the second stage of the toll hi ...
FedViews
FedViews

... purchase of up to $500 billion in agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS), since raised to up to $1.25 trillion, the 30-year conforming mortgage rate has dropped from 6.04% to 4.71%, a decline of 1.33 percentage points. The spread between the yield on agency MBS and 10-year Treasury bonds has also b ...
Ecuador_en.pdf
Ecuador_en.pdf

... banks continued to increase, with an expansion of 19.1% to October. The composition of the private banks’ loan portfolio tended towards liquid assets held abroad between October 2007 and April 2008, when these represented 26% of the sector’s total assets. Since then, turbulence in the international ...
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Answers to the above Grand Synthesis PROB FOR 101

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Practice Exam for Chaps 27-28

... a. an increasing demand for bonds as the government engages in expansionary fiscal policy. b. the Fed selling bonds as the government engages in expansionary fiscal policy. c. increased exports as the government engages in expansionary fiscal policy. d. all of the above 8. Crowding out will be a mor ...
Pension Liabilities: Fear Tactics and Serious Policy
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... in total central government revenue in the period between January and August, with indirect tax revenues up 24.7% during that period. It is therefore estimated that the tax burden will rise from 15.1% of GDP in 2013 to 16.8% in 2014. On the spending side, total expenditure to August decreased by a m ...
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Chapter 14

... – Fiscal tools are not easy to use. – Many issues come into play in setting fiscal policy. • Federal spending cannot be easily adjusted up or down. • Tax rates cannot be easily adjusted. • Changes in spending and taxes take so long to accomplish that there is danger that the policies will be inappr ...
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Keynesian and Loanable Funds Practice Questions

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PROBLEM SET 6 14.02 Principles of Macroeconomics April 20, 2005

... 5. What happened to the present value of an average consumer’s …nancial wealth by 1986? Can this change in …nancial wealth help explain the increase in private consumption, even though the average growth rate of disposable income decreases? If so, why? III. The Yen and the Dollar 1. You will go to J ...
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Presentation – Assessing affordability and impact on fiscal space

... its financial position or the stability of the economy • If budgetary capacity is not sufficient, additional fiscal space may be created by raising income taxes, value added taxes, borrowing from international institutions or markets, cutting down on low-priority expenses • Borrowing should not comp ...
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- Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives

... loss of $618 million in 2006 and beyond, with promises to cut personal and business taxes even further in 2007. Provincial tax cuts together with the Harper government’s tax cuts are resulting in modest tax savings for low and mid-income earners, and pretty hefty savings for high-income earners. Thi ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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