Logic and Reasoning
... • Basic idea: Given KB and a symbol S – Forward chaining: Repeatedly apply the inference rule to KB until we get to S – Backward chaining: Start from S and find implications whose conclusions are S Sentences of this type are “Horn clauses” ...
... • Basic idea: Given KB and a symbol S – Forward chaining: Repeatedly apply the inference rule to KB until we get to S – Backward chaining: Start from S and find implications whose conclusions are S Sentences of this type are “Horn clauses” ...
Norms and Sociolinguistic Description1
... It seems that the descriptive model of variationist research as well as the conceptualizations connected to the evaluative dimension show symptoms of the written language bias (e.g. Linell 2001). Linell points out the origins of this bias to the fact that the descriptive apparatus of linguistics is ...
... It seems that the descriptive model of variationist research as well as the conceptualizations connected to the evaluative dimension show symptoms of the written language bias (e.g. Linell 2001). Linell points out the origins of this bias to the fact that the descriptive apparatus of linguistics is ...
Illustrating the prototype structures of parts of speech
... of words—objects, properties, and actions—in basic propositional act functions of discourse—reference, modification, and predication. This theory predicts that each of these broad semantic classes will be typologically unmarked in its prototypical propositional act function and relatively marked ...
... of words—objects, properties, and actions—in basic propositional act functions of discourse—reference, modification, and predication. This theory predicts that each of these broad semantic classes will be typologically unmarked in its prototypical propositional act function and relatively marked ...
The basic variety - Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
... (2) The girl stealed the bread. (3) Later, the girl has stolen the bread. (4) Which girl did John deny that has stolen the bread? The "deviations" from the TL standard may be massive or subtle: in (1), the "underlying English syntax" is hardly recognisable, whereas in (2), it is "almost correct", an ...
... (2) The girl stealed the bread. (3) Later, the girl has stolen the bread. (4) Which girl did John deny that has stolen the bread? The "deviations" from the TL standard may be massive or subtle: in (1), the "underlying English syntax" is hardly recognisable, whereas in (2), it is "almost correct", an ...
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Indonesian
... appropriate target language for the learned knowledge. During the 1960s and 1970s, success was had in building natural language understanding systems in limited domains. For example, the STUDENT program of Daniel Bobrow (1967) could solve high school algebra problems expressed in natural language. W ...
... appropriate target language for the learned knowledge. During the 1960s and 1970s, success was had in building natural language understanding systems in limited domains. For example, the STUDENT program of Daniel Bobrow (1967) could solve high school algebra problems expressed in natural language. W ...
ENG 114 - University of Maiduguri
... rules of a similar formal nature are grouped together ..... In phrase structure the assumed largest unit of grammar, the sentence (written S) is progressively expanded by the application of rules, into strings (structures) of smaller units, terminating with a combination of lexical items and grammat ...
... rules of a similar formal nature are grouped together ..... In phrase structure the assumed largest unit of grammar, the sentence (written S) is progressively expanded by the application of rules, into strings (structures) of smaller units, terminating with a combination of lexical items and grammat ...
7 LOGICAL AGENTS
... • The syntax of the sentences constituting the KB is specified by the chosen knowledge representation language • In logic, the semantics of the language defines the truth of each sentence with respect to each model (possible world) • Sentence follows logically from sentence , , if and only if (iff) ...
... • The syntax of the sentences constituting the KB is specified by the chosen knowledge representation language • In logic, the semantics of the language defines the truth of each sentence with respect to each model (possible world) • Sentence follows logically from sentence , , if and only if (iff) ...
The Alpino Dependency Treebank
... shows the dependency tree for the sentence Kim wil weten of Anne komt. The dependency relations are the top labels in the boxes. In addition, the syntactic category, lexical entry and string position are added to each leaf. The index 1 indicates that Kim is the subject of both wil (wants) and weten ...
... shows the dependency tree for the sentence Kim wil weten of Anne komt. The dependency relations are the top labels in the boxes. In addition, the syntactic category, lexical entry and string position are added to each leaf. The index 1 indicates that Kim is the subject of both wil (wants) and weten ...
Formal Semantics of Sign Languages
... How should one analyze indexical shift in sign languages and how is it related to indexical shift in spoken languages? Given that in sign languages non-quotational occurrences of indexical shift (like the pronoun IX-1 in (12)) and (apparently) quotational occurrences (like the pronoun WE in (13)) ar ...
... How should one analyze indexical shift in sign languages and how is it related to indexical shift in spoken languages? Given that in sign languages non-quotational occurrences of indexical shift (like the pronoun IX-1 in (12)) and (apparently) quotational occurrences (like the pronoun WE in (13)) ar ...
noun phrase
... ways in which contextual factors affect how writers use language in tweets. [40] 45 minutes In your response, you must refer to the set of data (Texts 1 - 8), but, in addition, you may wish to draw on your own examples. You must also: . consider relevant contextual factors and language features asso ...
... ways in which contextual factors affect how writers use language in tweets. [40] 45 minutes In your response, you must refer to the set of data (Texts 1 - 8), but, in addition, you may wish to draw on your own examples. You must also: . consider relevant contextual factors and language features asso ...
noun phrase
... ways in which contextual factors affect how writers use language in tweets. [40] 45 minutes In your response, you must refer to the set of data (Texts 1 - 8), but, in addition, you may wish to draw on your own examples. You must also: . consider relevant contextual factors and language features asso ...
... ways in which contextual factors affect how writers use language in tweets. [40] 45 minutes In your response, you must refer to the set of data (Texts 1 - 8), but, in addition, you may wish to draw on your own examples. You must also: . consider relevant contextual factors and language features asso ...
pptx - UCI Social Sciences
... Final exam next Thursday 6/14/12 between 1:30 and 3:30pm (taken online through EEE). Consider taking more language science classes in the future! ...
... Final exam next Thursday 6/14/12 between 1:30 and 3:30pm (taken online through EEE). Consider taking more language science classes in the future! ...
this PDF file
... Abstract: English and Malay languages are categorized as popular languages in the world. However, both languages underwent different history and composition. This study investigates the languages in terms of history, phonology, loanwords, grammar, morphology and semantics. The purposes of studying t ...
... Abstract: English and Malay languages are categorized as popular languages in the world. However, both languages underwent different history and composition. This study investigates the languages in terms of history, phonology, loanwords, grammar, morphology and semantics. The purposes of studying t ...
Roots, stems and word classes
... What determines the final categorization of an expression? The final categorization of a sign is determined by the syntactic function it has to fulfill in the sentence. That, in turn, is determined by the propositional operation (reference, predication, modification; cf. Croft 1991) to be performed ...
... What determines the final categorization of an expression? The final categorization of a sign is determined by the syntactic function it has to fulfill in the sentence. That, in turn, is determined by the propositional operation (reference, predication, modification; cf. Croft 1991) to be performed ...
File
... • Check it out...If you take the adjective clause out of this sentence, can you still tell me which man is the science teacher? > ESSENTIAL • Mr. Smith, who is wearing the red hat, is my science teacher. • The adjective clause is not needed in order to identify the referent (what we are talking abou ...
... • Check it out...If you take the adjective clause out of this sentence, can you still tell me which man is the science teacher? > ESSENTIAL • Mr. Smith, who is wearing the red hat, is my science teacher. • The adjective clause is not needed in order to identify the referent (what we are talking abou ...
Big Data Approaches to Study Discourse Processes
... to explore higher-order cognitive phenomena. However, the study of discourse presents unique challenges for quantitative analyses due to its relatively large unit of interest. Stable estimates of letter or phoneme frequency can be obtained from even small text corpora, and stable estimates of word f ...
... to explore higher-order cognitive phenomena. However, the study of discourse presents unique challenges for quantitative analyses due to its relatively large unit of interest. Stable estimates of letter or phoneme frequency can be obtained from even small text corpora, and stable estimates of word f ...
CUSD Grade 1 Narrative Writing Rubric
... Some errors in usage and sentence formation are present, but no systematic pattern of errors is displayed Adequate use of punctuation, capitalization, and ...
... Some errors in usage and sentence formation are present, but no systematic pattern of errors is displayed Adequate use of punctuation, capitalization, and ...
079-146_63657_Part III
... subject to a noun that clearly renames it or to an adjective that describes it: History is a bucket of ashes. Scoundrels are always sociable. And when used as helping verbs before present participles (is flying, are disappearing) to express ongoing action, be verbs are fine: Derrick was plowing the ...
... subject to a noun that clearly renames it or to an adjective that describes it: History is a bucket of ashes. Scoundrels are always sociable. And when used as helping verbs before present participles (is flying, are disappearing) to express ongoing action, be verbs are fine: Derrick was plowing the ...
What paradox? A response to Naigles (2002)
... The supposed paradox is that even prelinguistic infants find abstract patterns in speechlike stimuli with relative ease in statistical learning experiments, whereas children struggle well into the preschool years to find abstract syntactic patterns in experiments involving meaningful language. But t ...
... The supposed paradox is that even prelinguistic infants find abstract patterns in speechlike stimuli with relative ease in statistical learning experiments, whereas children struggle well into the preschool years to find abstract syntactic patterns in experiments involving meaningful language. But t ...
Lecture guide
... sentences that are rare in standard English. For example, there are many headline sentences that begin with a phrase and then a colon, such as Cleared: The father who killed his drunken neighbour after mistaking him for a burglar. Thus a grammar would omit coordinating conjunctions and allow these n ...
... sentences that are rare in standard English. For example, there are many headline sentences that begin with a phrase and then a colon, such as Cleared: The father who killed his drunken neighbour after mistaking him for a burglar. Thus a grammar would omit coordinating conjunctions and allow these n ...
On Some Specific Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs in the Turkic
... ending in –galak in Siberian Turkic languages, as well as in the modern Yakut language. Perhaps the presence of the considered form in Khakas language and in the language of Chulym Turks is also the result of Old Kirghiz language’s and Kirghiz language’s influence. The statement of N. N. Shirobokova ...
... ending in –galak in Siberian Turkic languages, as well as in the modern Yakut language. Perhaps the presence of the considered form in Khakas language and in the language of Chulym Turks is also the result of Old Kirghiz language’s and Kirghiz language’s influence. The statement of N. N. Shirobokova ...
Learning Syntax — A Neurocogitive Approach
... Still under the heading of considering what it is that must be learned in order to have a command of the syntax of a language, let us next be explicit that syntax is concerned with combinations of lexemes and indeed with a hierarchy of combinations — phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. So we need to t ...
... Still under the heading of considering what it is that must be learned in order to have a command of the syntax of a language, let us next be explicit that syntax is concerned with combinations of lexemes and indeed with a hierarchy of combinations — phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. So we need to t ...
Unpersönliche Konstruktionen, Reflexivitat/Reziprozität und
... examples: (17) is comparable to (1) John is tall, where the speaker relates perceptual knowledge acquired by observation, while (18) is comparable to (3) John is hungry. In (18a) the described state can represent either "focalization" or reported, epistemological knowledge. In (18b), in addition to ...
... examples: (17) is comparable to (1) John is tall, where the speaker relates perceptual knowledge acquired by observation, while (18) is comparable to (3) John is hungry. In (18a) the described state can represent either "focalization" or reported, epistemological knowledge. In (18b), in addition to ...
compound sentences
... – He waited patiently, for he knew his ride would be along soon. (conjunction) – He waited patiently for his ride. (preposition) ...
... – He waited patiently, for he knew his ride would be along soon. (conjunction) – He waited patiently for his ride. (preposition) ...
"The Case for Case Reopened", 34-47
... This objection, too, I take as misunderstanding. These arguments are not offered as definitions of cases, but rather as steps for pointing out case distinctions in sentence sets where sense differences are only, or are primarily, matched by case role differences. I have been just as interested in si ...
... This objection, too, I take as misunderstanding. These arguments are not offered as definitions of cases, but rather as steps for pointing out case distinctions in sentence sets where sense differences are only, or are primarily, matched by case role differences. I have been just as interested in si ...