- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
... had negative PCR test results for pertussis within 1 month of the index date for their corresponding cases. Thus detection bias (ie, exposure status differentially affecting detection of outcome events) is unlikely to account for the association. Also, neither corticosteroid therapy nor asthma contr ...
... had negative PCR test results for pertussis within 1 month of the index date for their corresponding cases. Thus detection bias (ie, exposure status differentially affecting detection of outcome events) is unlikely to account for the association. Also, neither corticosteroid therapy nor asthma contr ...
Laboratory Diagnosis of Specific Antibody
... serotypes that are less immunogenic (11 ). Reference intervals for an assay that is based on the detection of antibodies to a mixture of 23 serotypes have recently been published (12 ). For children ⬍4 years of age, the lower reference limit was less than the detection limit of the assay. Several in ...
... serotypes that are less immunogenic (11 ). Reference intervals for an assay that is based on the detection of antibodies to a mixture of 23 serotypes have recently been published (12 ). For children ⬍4 years of age, the lower reference limit was less than the detection limit of the assay. Several in ...
MHC Polymorphism
... • Different MHC molecules bind different peptides • Heterozygous hosts have a broader immune response • Degree of MHC heterozygocity correlates with a delayed onset of progress to AIDS • Frequency-dependent selection by host-pathogen coevolution • Pathogens adapt to the most common MHC alleles • Rar ...
... • Different MHC molecules bind different peptides • Heterozygous hosts have a broader immune response • Degree of MHC heterozygocity correlates with a delayed onset of progress to AIDS • Frequency-dependent selection by host-pathogen coevolution • Pathogens adapt to the most common MHC alleles • Rar ...
Influenza in the acute hospital setting
... documented at our hospital (less than 2% in any season during the past decade) where workers have been encouraged to be vaccinated, to report febrile respiratory illness, to be screened for influenza, and sent home when ill to prevent spread of infection to patients.30 Most nosocomial outbreaks are ...
... documented at our hospital (less than 2% in any season during the past decade) where workers have been encouraged to be vaccinated, to report febrile respiratory illness, to be screened for influenza, and sent home when ill to prevent spread of infection to patients.30 Most nosocomial outbreaks are ...
Maggini S et al. Selected vitamins and trace elements support
... organs, cells, and chemicals protecting the host from infectious agents and other noxious insults. The immune response to invaders can be divided into two interactive systems: innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present at birth and provides the first barrier against “invaders” consisti ...
... organs, cells, and chemicals protecting the host from infectious agents and other noxious insults. The immune response to invaders can be divided into two interactive systems: innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present at birth and provides the first barrier against “invaders” consisti ...
Hepatitis B
... United States; approximately 3.2 million persons are chronically infected • By contrast to Chronic HBV, patients with chronic hepatitis C almost always develop HCC in the presence of established cirrhosis • The annual risk of HCC development in HCV patients with cirrhosis is in the range of 1–4%, an ...
... United States; approximately 3.2 million persons are chronically infected • By contrast to Chronic HBV, patients with chronic hepatitis C almost always develop HCC in the presence of established cirrhosis • The annual risk of HCC development in HCV patients with cirrhosis is in the range of 1–4%, an ...
The Hepatitis B and Delta Viruses - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
... to occur. For HBV-infected patients, current therapy is very effective at achieving viral suppression; however, these medications can be very expensive and rarely lead to a durable cure. Consequently, intense research efforts are focused on increasing our understanding of virus biology and on improv ...
... to occur. For HBV-infected patients, current therapy is very effective at achieving viral suppression; however, these medications can be very expensive and rarely lead to a durable cure. Consequently, intense research efforts are focused on increasing our understanding of virus biology and on improv ...
Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are
... indicate that zebra in ENP often survive sublethal anthrax infections, encounter most B. anthracis in the wet season and can partially booster their immunity to B. anthracis. 5. Thus, rather than being solely a lethal disease, anthrax often occurs as a sublethal infection in some susceptible hosts. ...
... indicate that zebra in ENP often survive sublethal anthrax infections, encounter most B. anthracis in the wet season and can partially booster their immunity to B. anthracis. 5. Thus, rather than being solely a lethal disease, anthrax often occurs as a sublethal infection in some susceptible hosts. ...
Blaustein et al. 2012 ecophysiology
... and can occur by exposure to infected water or soil or via cannibalism of infected individuals [70]. Ranaviral disease is characterized by systemic haemorrhage and tissue necrosis, ultimately resulting in organ failure (usually the liver or kidneys) within less than a week of exposure [56,62]. (ii) ...
... and can occur by exposure to infected water or soil or via cannibalism of infected individuals [70]. Ranaviral disease is characterized by systemic haemorrhage and tissue necrosis, ultimately resulting in organ failure (usually the liver or kidneys) within less than a week of exposure [56,62]. (ii) ...
Extensions to FOL
... The Closed World Assumption The CWA: Any ground atomic sentences that are not asserted to be true in the KB can be assumed to be false. We make the closed world assumption for two reasons: •We have to. In any complex domain, there may be a huge number of possible facts and there isn’t time to menti ...
... The Closed World Assumption The CWA: Any ground atomic sentences that are not asserted to be true in the KB can be assumed to be false. We make the closed world assumption for two reasons: •We have to. In any complex domain, there may be a huge number of possible facts and there isn’t time to menti ...
Gut Microbiota
... Initial bacterial colonization (normal) starts from a “Germ free” intrauterine environment and is populated through maternal vaginal/fecal flora and oral feeding (breast milk vs formula) Complete adult colonization : by 3 yrs of life ...
... Initial bacterial colonization (normal) starts from a “Germ free” intrauterine environment and is populated through maternal vaginal/fecal flora and oral feeding (breast milk vs formula) Complete adult colonization : by 3 yrs of life ...
Dear OTP Colleagues:
... 3.5–5.3 million Americans are living with chronic (lifelong) hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. Most of them do not know that they are infected, placing them at greater risk for severe, even fatal, complications from the disease and increasing the likelihood that they will spread the virus ...
... 3.5–5.3 million Americans are living with chronic (lifelong) hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. Most of them do not know that they are infected, placing them at greater risk for severe, even fatal, complications from the disease and increasing the likelihood that they will spread the virus ...
Antibodies Targeting Hsa and PadA Prevent Platelet - Serval
... 20% of IE cases (1) and generally results from cumulative exposure to recurrent bouts of transient low-grade bacteremia, occurring during normal day-to-day activities, including tooth brushing, flossing, and chewing (2–4). Under these circumstances, antibiotic prophylaxis regimens cannot be recommen ...
... 20% of IE cases (1) and generally results from cumulative exposure to recurrent bouts of transient low-grade bacteremia, occurring during normal day-to-day activities, including tooth brushing, flossing, and chewing (2–4). Under these circumstances, antibiotic prophylaxis regimens cannot be recommen ...
Augmenting the First Line of Defense in Gastrointentinal
... Many features of the small intestine which are vital for nutrient absorption, i.e. a thin (singlecell) barrier, very large epithelial surface with numerous villi and crypts, high (membrane) transport rates and nutrient rich milieu ensue inherent vulnerability to bacterial colonization/infections. Ho ...
... Many features of the small intestine which are vital for nutrient absorption, i.e. a thin (singlecell) barrier, very large epithelial surface with numerous villi and crypts, high (membrane) transport rates and nutrient rich milieu ensue inherent vulnerability to bacterial colonization/infections. Ho ...
Respiratory Tract Infections
... developed countries are relatively low.3 In contrast, RTIs in developing countries are not only more prevalent but also more severe, resulting in over 2 million deaths per year.4,5 A recent report from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) concluded that over 2 million ...
... developed countries are relatively low.3 In contrast, RTIs in developing countries are not only more prevalent but also more severe, resulting in over 2 million deaths per year.4,5 A recent report from the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) concluded that over 2 million ...
The most important aspect of these observations is the fact that an
... The relationship of bronchial asthma (and hay fever) to pulmonary tuberculosis Opinions most frequently expressed by previous writers may be grouped as follows: 1. Asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis are antagonistic and ...
... The relationship of bronchial asthma (and hay fever) to pulmonary tuberculosis Opinions most frequently expressed by previous writers may be grouped as follows: 1. Asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis are antagonistic and ...
The Immune System
... that confer resistance against diseases (Klein, 1990) The immune system (IS) is the one responsible to protect us against the attack from external microorganisms (Tizard, 1995) Several defense mechanisms in different levels; some are redundant The IS is adaptable (presents learning and memory) Micro ...
... that confer resistance against diseases (Klein, 1990) The immune system (IS) is the one responsible to protect us against the attack from external microorganisms (Tizard, 1995) Several defense mechanisms in different levels; some are redundant The IS is adaptable (presents learning and memory) Micro ...
Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk
... 2006). They may even hold potential as natural alternatives to traditional antibiotics, because the development of resistance may be less of a problem with such innate molecules (Zasloff, 2002). Several antimicrobial molecules are currently at various stages of development by several biotechnology c ...
... 2006). They may even hold potential as natural alternatives to traditional antibiotics, because the development of resistance may be less of a problem with such innate molecules (Zasloff, 2002). Several antimicrobial molecules are currently at various stages of development by several biotechnology c ...
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection - National Medical Research Council
... The first edition of the MOH clinical practice guidelines on chronic hepatitis B infection was published in 2003 to provide guidance on the prevention, management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. This second edition of the guidelines updates as well as expands upon the first edition. ...
... The first edition of the MOH clinical practice guidelines on chronic hepatitis B infection was published in 2003 to provide guidance on the prevention, management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. This second edition of the guidelines updates as well as expands upon the first edition. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The year 2013 brought major modifications in ESCMID’s publications. In fact, a new journal from the ESCMID has been created; it is called New Microbes and New Infections, and its Editor-in-Chief is Michel Drancourt, formerly associate editor of CMI. The reason for the creation of this journal was re ...
... The year 2013 brought major modifications in ESCMID’s publications. In fact, a new journal from the ESCMID has been created; it is called New Microbes and New Infections, and its Editor-in-Chief is Michel Drancourt, formerly associate editor of CMI. The reason for the creation of this journal was re ...
Feral swine in China
... many diseases transfer between and among species. Feral swine can be infected by both wildlife viruses and human viruses, and as a intermediate host in which viruses can reassort . Feral swine also serve as adaptation hosts in which wildlife viruses can mutate to become more ...
... many diseases transfer between and among species. Feral swine can be infected by both wildlife viruses and human viruses, and as a intermediate host in which viruses can reassort . Feral swine also serve as adaptation hosts in which wildlife viruses can mutate to become more ...
study of the human humoral immune response against rotavirus
... Two RV vaccines are commercially available and recommended for infants worldwide by the WHO [5]: RotarixTM (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) and RotaTeqTM (Merk and Co. Inc.). Nonetheless, both vaccines are less efficacious (39% to 77%) in some low-income countries in Africa and Asia [6], where 85% of w ...
... Two RV vaccines are commercially available and recommended for infants worldwide by the WHO [5]: RotarixTM (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) and RotaTeqTM (Merk and Co. Inc.). Nonetheless, both vaccines are less efficacious (39% to 77%) in some low-income countries in Africa and Asia [6], where 85% of w ...
ACVIM Consensus Statement on Strangles
... Pathogenesis S equi enters via the mouth or nose and attaches to cells in the crypt of the lingual and palatine tonsils and to the follicular-associated epithelium of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. There is no evidence for colonization prior to penetration but rather the organism reaches the deep ...
... Pathogenesis S equi enters via the mouth or nose and attaches to cells in the crypt of the lingual and palatine tonsils and to the follicular-associated epithelium of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. There is no evidence for colonization prior to penetration but rather the organism reaches the deep ...
Poultry village management
... A protein produced by specialised B cells after stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies bind with antigens on foreign organisms to help inactivate them. Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. ...
... A protein produced by specialised B cells after stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies bind with antigens on foreign organisms to help inactivate them. Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. ...
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty-five infections.The active agent of a vaccine may be intact but inactivated (non-infective) or attenuated (with reduced infectivity) forms of the causative pathogens, or purified components of the pathogen that have been found to be highly immunogenic (e.g., outer coat proteins of a virus). Toxoids are produced for immunization against toxin-based diseases, such as the modification of tetanospasmin toxin of tetanus to remove its toxic effect but retain its immunogenic effect.Smallpox was most likely the first disease people tried to prevent by inoculating themselves and was the first disease for which a vaccine was produced. The smallpox vaccine was discovered in 1796 by the British physician Edward Jenner, although at least six people had used the same principles years earlier. Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his work in microbiology. The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows (Latin: vacca—cow). Smallpox was a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20–60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children. When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300–500 million people in the 20th century.In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' have a similar meaning. This distinguishes it from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens, although in common usage either can refer to an immunization. Vaccination efforts have been met with some controversy on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, and religious grounds. In rare cases, vaccinations can injure people and, in the United States, they may receive compensation for those injuries under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions.