Stress and immunity in wild vertebrates: Timing is everything
... Most stress induced changes in immune function are orchestrated either by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (Sternberg, 2006) or glucocorticoid hormones and other components of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (Sapolsky et al., 2000). Primary and secondary lymphoid organs (e.g., bone marro ...
... Most stress induced changes in immune function are orchestrated either by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (Sternberg, 2006) or glucocorticoid hormones and other components of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (Sapolsky et al., 2000). Primary and secondary lymphoid organs (e.g., bone marro ...
Optimal immune defence in the light of variation in lifespan
... a number of empirical studies in vertebrates that have looked for evidence for this pace of life hypothesis including meta-analyses (8, 9) and single studies with both nonspecific (10–12) and specific challenges and/or immune measures (13–17). When the more specific challenges or measures are used, ...
... a number of empirical studies in vertebrates that have looked for evidence for this pace of life hypothesis including meta-analyses (8, 9) and single studies with both nonspecific (10–12) and specific challenges and/or immune measures (13–17). When the more specific challenges or measures are used, ...
Meningitis
... relatively recent phenomenon The first recorded major outbreak occurred in Geneva in 1805 Several other epidemics in Europe and the United States were described shortly afterward, and the first report of an epidemic in Africa appeared in 1840 ...
... relatively recent phenomenon The first recorded major outbreak occurred in Geneva in 1805 Several other epidemics in Europe and the United States were described shortly afterward, and the first report of an epidemic in Africa appeared in 1840 ...
Form for annual reconfirmation
... The PPR status of a country or zone should be determined on the basis of the following criteria, as applicable: a. PPR is notifiable in the whole territory, and all clinical signs suggestive of PPR should be subjected to appropriate field or laboratory investigations; b. an ongoing awareness program ...
... The PPR status of a country or zone should be determined on the basis of the following criteria, as applicable: a. PPR is notifiable in the whole territory, and all clinical signs suggestive of PPR should be subjected to appropriate field or laboratory investigations; b. an ongoing awareness program ...
Exploring the Homeostatic and Sensory Roles of the Immune System
... system, a simple stimulus could lead to disastrous consequences, such as widespread infection, shock, or cancer. Inferring that the immune system plays an important role in sustaining intrahost interactions would also explain why immune responses and inflammation have great influence over other host ...
... system, a simple stimulus could lead to disastrous consequences, such as widespread infection, shock, or cancer. Inferring that the immune system plays an important role in sustaining intrahost interactions would also explain why immune responses and inflammation have great influence over other host ...
PDF
... Brucellosis infection of cattle has serious economic consequences for the cattle industry. Not only does it cause losses from abortion, but it also creates marketing limitations and farmers must pay to test cattle to reassure trading partners that the product is clean. When infection occurs, the dis ...
... Brucellosis infection of cattle has serious economic consequences for the cattle industry. Not only does it cause losses from abortion, but it also creates marketing limitations and farmers must pay to test cattle to reassure trading partners that the product is clean. When infection occurs, the dis ...
Backward Bifurcation in a Model for Vector Transmitted Disease
... we assume that there is no extra death rate due to infection. For modeling vector transmitted disease, the most important ingredient is the formula of the force of transmission. Here we adopt a most simple assumption that is very common among traditional modeling of vector transmitted diseases like ...
... we assume that there is no extra death rate due to infection. For modeling vector transmitted disease, the most important ingredient is the formula of the force of transmission. Here we adopt a most simple assumption that is very common among traditional modeling of vector transmitted diseases like ...
PDF - Journal of Veterinary Science
... eggs of chickens which were immunized against certain pathogens to mammals has been the focus of attention in immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis, since the birds can actively transfer immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the egg yolks of their offsprings in the same levels of concentration as in ...
... eggs of chickens which were immunized against certain pathogens to mammals has been the focus of attention in immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis, since the birds can actively transfer immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the egg yolks of their offsprings in the same levels of concentration as in ...
Infection T Cell Response during Chronic Viral +CD8 Exhaustion
... mutated in the epitope used for vaccination, their ability to resist reinfection would be impaired relative to that of unvaccinated individuals. This is a highly undesirable effect for a vaccine, and it is therefore important to avoid such a situation. Previous studies have shown that prior immuniza ...
... mutated in the epitope used for vaccination, their ability to resist reinfection would be impaired relative to that of unvaccinated individuals. This is a highly undesirable effect for a vaccine, and it is therefore important to avoid such a situation. Previous studies have shown that prior immuniza ...
Epidemiology and Prevention of Viral Hepatitis A to E:
... If you have never had hepatitis B, you can get 3 shots . . . ...
... If you have never had hepatitis B, you can get 3 shots . . . ...
immunology-introduction
... Proposal List for GO Content Meeting A. Self and Non-Self Processes – Amelia and Jane B. Reorganization of Cytokine Function Terms C. Adding CD antigen binding terms D. Improvements to T cell differentiation hierarchy E. Reorganization of immune response terms in several ways 1) Activatio ...
... Proposal List for GO Content Meeting A. Self and Non-Self Processes – Amelia and Jane B. Reorganization of Cytokine Function Terms C. Adding CD antigen binding terms D. Improvements to T cell differentiation hierarchy E. Reorganization of immune response terms in several ways 1) Activatio ...
A Diagnostic Target Against Clostridium bolteae
... Clostridium bolteae has been shown to be overabundant in the intestinal tract of autistic children suffering from gastric intestinal ailments, and as such is an organism that could potentially aggravate gastrointestinal symptoms. Investigation of the cell-wall polysaccharides of C. bolteae was emplo ...
... Clostridium bolteae has been shown to be overabundant in the intestinal tract of autistic children suffering from gastric intestinal ailments, and as such is an organism that could potentially aggravate gastrointestinal symptoms. Investigation of the cell-wall polysaccharides of C. bolteae was emplo ...
Eliminating latent tuberculosis - Institute of Infectious Disease and
... by the consequences of the enhanced susceptibility of persons who are co-infected with HIV: the 5%–10% lifetime risk of disease is increased to a 5%–10% annual risk in association with HIV infection, resulting in dramatic increases in TB rates in sub-Saharan Africa [5]. In addition to efforts to enh ...
... by the consequences of the enhanced susceptibility of persons who are co-infected with HIV: the 5%–10% lifetime risk of disease is increased to a 5%–10% annual risk in association with HIV infection, resulting in dramatic increases in TB rates in sub-Saharan Africa [5]. In addition to efforts to enh ...
Detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse
... continue to evolve and cause disease episodes. Moreover, the vaccination of many broiler and layer flocks has been routinely made with a live attenuated vaccine against IB containing the strain H120. This strain belongs to the Massachusetts serotype and represents an additional problem for the discr ...
... continue to evolve and cause disease episodes. Moreover, the vaccination of many broiler and layer flocks has been routinely made with a live attenuated vaccine against IB containing the strain H120. This strain belongs to the Massachusetts serotype and represents an additional problem for the discr ...
The Lung Immunology Group Department of Biological Sciences
... *multiple logistic regression model with aspergillus-related lung disease as the binary dependent variable and NTM lung disease, age and FEV1 as independent variables. ...
... *multiple logistic regression model with aspergillus-related lung disease as the binary dependent variable and NTM lung disease, age and FEV1 as independent variables. ...
Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors as Triggers of
... Family of up to 11 similar, small and compact proteins 5(4) intramolecular SS-bonds, resistant to intestinal degradation Pest control (inhibition of parasite enzymes) Tatham & Shewry, Clin Exp Allergy 2008 ...
... Family of up to 11 similar, small and compact proteins 5(4) intramolecular SS-bonds, resistant to intestinal degradation Pest control (inhibition of parasite enzymes) Tatham & Shewry, Clin Exp Allergy 2008 ...
Immune response and virus population composition: HIV as a case
... i (i = 1,2,…n) denotes each of the n variants of the viruses and their associated infected cells. The reproduction rate, ki, of nascent viruses is the sole feature that differentiates virus variants. In our model, all virus particles, of all variants, decay at a uniform rate (e). Infected cells die ...
... i (i = 1,2,…n) denotes each of the n variants of the viruses and their associated infected cells. The reproduction rate, ki, of nascent viruses is the sole feature that differentiates virus variants. In our model, all virus particles, of all variants, decay at a uniform rate (e). Infected cells die ...
Boosting Your Dog`s Immune System DNM
... Echinacea There are several different ways that immune boosters can power up your immune system. One of the simplest is by presenting your immune system with what it perceives as a non-specific threat — a foreign antigen — that in actuality offers no real threat to the body. This causes your immune ...
... Echinacea There are several different ways that immune boosters can power up your immune system. One of the simplest is by presenting your immune system with what it perceives as a non-specific threat — a foreign antigen — that in actuality offers no real threat to the body. This causes your immune ...
Therapeutic vaccines for cancer
... immunotherapies increase the ability of the patient’s own immune system to mount an immune response to recognize tumour-associated antigens and eliminate malignant cells, passive immunotherapy involves administration of exogenously produced components, such as lymphocytes or antibodies, to mediate a ...
... immunotherapies increase the ability of the patient’s own immune system to mount an immune response to recognize tumour-associated antigens and eliminate malignant cells, passive immunotherapy involves administration of exogenously produced components, such as lymphocytes or antibodies, to mediate a ...
The effects of environmental mycobacteria on VLP and MVA based vaccines against tuberculosis
... tuberculosis, but its efficacy remains variable. It has shown almost no protection against TB in tropical countries like Africa and India. One of the prime reasons postulated for the failure of BCG as a vaccine is associated with pre-exposure to environmental mycobacteria. Cross-sensitisation to sha ...
... tuberculosis, but its efficacy remains variable. It has shown almost no protection against TB in tropical countries like Africa and India. One of the prime reasons postulated for the failure of BCG as a vaccine is associated with pre-exposure to environmental mycobacteria. Cross-sensitisation to sha ...
Norepinephrine and octopamine - Invertebrate Survival Journal
... even more precipitously during flying or fighting in crickets. This hypothesis explains why OA can have both immunosuppressive and immunoenhancing effects. Why do crickets not make enough apoLpIII to support both immune surveillance and increased lipid transport? First, it would be energetically exp ...
... even more precipitously during flying or fighting in crickets. This hypothesis explains why OA can have both immunosuppressive and immunoenhancing effects. Why do crickets not make enough apoLpIII to support both immune surveillance and increased lipid transport? First, it would be energetically exp ...
Slide 1
... knowledge of your patients HBV status Cannot withdrawal HAART without knowledge of your patients HBV status. Must be aware of the dual purposes of lamivudine, tenofovir, and emtricitabine If suspect underlying liver disease then need to evaluate patient further AWACC 2009 ...
... knowledge of your patients HBV status Cannot withdrawal HAART without knowledge of your patients HBV status. Must be aware of the dual purposes of lamivudine, tenofovir, and emtricitabine If suspect underlying liver disease then need to evaluate patient further AWACC 2009 ...
Mathematical Models of Immune Responses Following Vaccination
... vaccination, its origin and different vaccination strategies applied today. Lastly, we describe the brucella infection in cattle, caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, and give a brief overview on different vaccines used in eradication programs against brucellosis. In chapter three we give a sho ...
... vaccination, its origin and different vaccination strategies applied today. Lastly, we describe the brucella infection in cattle, caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, and give a brief overview on different vaccines used in eradication programs against brucellosis. In chapter three we give a sho ...
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty-five infections.The active agent of a vaccine may be intact but inactivated (non-infective) or attenuated (with reduced infectivity) forms of the causative pathogens, or purified components of the pathogen that have been found to be highly immunogenic (e.g., outer coat proteins of a virus). Toxoids are produced for immunization against toxin-based diseases, such as the modification of tetanospasmin toxin of tetanus to remove its toxic effect but retain its immunogenic effect.Smallpox was most likely the first disease people tried to prevent by inoculating themselves and was the first disease for which a vaccine was produced. The smallpox vaccine was discovered in 1796 by the British physician Edward Jenner, although at least six people had used the same principles years earlier. Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his work in microbiology. The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows (Latin: vacca—cow). Smallpox was a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20–60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children. When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300–500 million people in the 20th century.In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' have a similar meaning. This distinguishes it from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens, although in common usage either can refer to an immunization. Vaccination efforts have been met with some controversy on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, and religious grounds. In rare cases, vaccinations can injure people and, in the United States, they may receive compensation for those injuries under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions.