Chapter 4. Immune responses to foreign antigens
... typically polymeric, highly flexible molecules, for example polysaccharides, and hence are very efficient cross-linkers of the receptors for antigen on B cells. Route of injection The injection of an antigen intravenously (directly into the blood-stream) is more likely to cause tolerance than inject ...
... typically polymeric, highly flexible molecules, for example polysaccharides, and hence are very efficient cross-linkers of the receptors for antigen on B cells. Route of injection The injection of an antigen intravenously (directly into the blood-stream) is more likely to cause tolerance than inject ...
Immune System Pathways of the Innate and Adaptive Functions of
... mechanism involves the unfolding and linearization of the protein Ags by hsp90 prior to extrusion. Pharmacological inhibition of hsp90 or its deletion in cross-presenting APCs or Ag rendered structurally inflexible through fixation abrogated Ag cross-presentation (51). Interestingly, hsp70 was shown ...
... mechanism involves the unfolding and linearization of the protein Ags by hsp90 prior to extrusion. Pharmacological inhibition of hsp90 or its deletion in cross-presenting APCs or Ag rendered structurally inflexible through fixation abrogated Ag cross-presentation (51). Interestingly, hsp70 was shown ...
Major Histocompatibility Complex I Mediates Immunological
... the entire pregnancy as in humans [2, 10]. Nonclassical BoLA are produced in both nonsoluble and soluble forms [37], so it can be speculated that the soluble BoLA also bind LIR1 receptors on leukocytes in cows, which could inhibit the leukocytes, similar to as in humans. During clone pregnancies in ...
... the entire pregnancy as in humans [2, 10]. Nonclassical BoLA are produced in both nonsoluble and soluble forms [37], so it can be speculated that the soluble BoLA also bind LIR1 receptors on leukocytes in cows, which could inhibit the leukocytes, similar to as in humans. During clone pregnancies in ...
Complexity miniproject proposal
... recognition must be highly specific in order to avoid autoimmune disorders. Unlike the innate immune responses, the adaptive response comprises numerous antigen-specific recognition events. B and T lymphocytes are the two main cellular components of the adaptive immune system. T cells are not able t ...
... recognition must be highly specific in order to avoid autoimmune disorders. Unlike the innate immune responses, the adaptive response comprises numerous antigen-specific recognition events. B and T lymphocytes are the two main cellular components of the adaptive immune system. T cells are not able t ...
The Immune System - University of Arizona
... phagocytosed are generally more immunogenic. This is because for most antigens (T-dependant antigens, see below) the development of an immune response requires that the antigen be phagocytosed, processed and presented to helper T cells by an antigen presenting cell (APC). ...
... phagocytosed are generally more immunogenic. This is because for most antigens (T-dependant antigens, see below) the development of an immune response requires that the antigen be phagocytosed, processed and presented to helper T cells by an antigen presenting cell (APC). ...
The Expression of MHC Class II Genes in Macrophages Is Cell
... Most cells of the immune system are quiescent, and their activation induces a massive proliferation. However, macrophages that are able to proliferate in tissues, thanks to the autocrine production of M-CSF (17, 18), when activated by stimuli such as IFN-␥ or LPS, block their proliferation and perfo ...
... Most cells of the immune system are quiescent, and their activation induces a massive proliferation. However, macrophages that are able to proliferate in tissues, thanks to the autocrine production of M-CSF (17, 18), when activated by stimuli such as IFN-␥ or LPS, block their proliferation and perfo ...
Speculations on Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus
... times. Its primordial importance can be inferred from the observation that even earthworms are capable of allograft rejection. Macrophage-like coelomycetes mediate the process. With evolution, more sophisticated defense mechanisms were acquired and with them, a complex histocompatibility system to d ...
... times. Its primordial importance can be inferred from the observation that even earthworms are capable of allograft rejection. Macrophage-like coelomycetes mediate the process. With evolution, more sophisticated defense mechanisms were acquired and with them, a complex histocompatibility system to d ...
CD1a and MHC Class I Follow a Similar Endocytic
... CD1 proteins are a family of glycosylated molecules that present self and foreign lipid antigens to T cells. In humans, this family of proteins can be divided according to sequence and functional criteria into group 1 – CD1a, CD1b and CD1c; group 2 that includes CD1d and, finally, group 3 that inclu ...
... CD1 proteins are a family of glycosylated molecules that present self and foreign lipid antigens to T cells. In humans, this family of proteins can be divided according to sequence and functional criteria into group 1 – CD1a, CD1b and CD1c; group 2 that includes CD1d and, finally, group 3 that inclu ...
Basic Concepts of Immune Response and Defense Development
... Théry and Amigorena 2001). This process is critically important in defending against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria. The Tc lymphocyte responses are also essential in the immune defense against tumors due to their role in recognizing antigens presented in the context of ...
... Théry and Amigorena 2001). This process is critically important in defending against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria. The Tc lymphocyte responses are also essential in the immune defense against tumors due to their role in recognizing antigens presented in the context of ...
Genetic drift vs. natural selection in a long-term small
... lack of variability in mitochondrial DNA does not necessarily translate into low polymorphism and heterozygosity in the nuclear genome (Rosel & Rojas-Bracho 1999). The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) class II genes encode cell-surface glycoproteins that bind and present antigens from extracel ...
... lack of variability in mitochondrial DNA does not necessarily translate into low polymorphism and heterozygosity in the nuclear genome (Rosel & Rojas-Bracho 1999). The major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) class II genes encode cell-surface glycoproteins that bind and present antigens from extracel ...
Basic Concepts of Immune Response and Defense Development
... other specific parts, which recognize particular epitopes on an antigen. A critical element in this interaction is the role played by dendritic cells (DCs), which represent “professional antigen-presenting cells.” DCs endocytose and process antigen to peptide presented on the cell surface in associa ...
... other specific parts, which recognize particular epitopes on an antigen. A critical element in this interaction is the role played by dendritic cells (DCs), which represent “professional antigen-presenting cells.” DCs endocytose and process antigen to peptide presented on the cell surface in associa ...
... vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on their membrane (Leong, unpublished). Furthermore, MM cell lines have been shown to secrete immunosuppressive factors, such as TGF-β and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) [27, 36, 48, 49], which can inhibit local T-cell activation and cytotoxic activit ...
age
... finding and therapy with immunosuppressant drugs accelerated AIDS • The paradox of a disease treated with immunosuppression appearing de novo in a profound immune deficiency state was an experiment of nature that eliminated the role of CD4 T cells from the pathogenesis of RS /PsA • It also suggested ...
... finding and therapy with immunosuppressant drugs accelerated AIDS • The paradox of a disease treated with immunosuppression appearing de novo in a profound immune deficiency state was an experiment of nature that eliminated the role of CD4 T cells from the pathogenesis of RS /PsA • It also suggested ...
transplantation - Shandong University
... human kidney transplant was performed between twins in Boston. – Transplants were possible in unrelated people if drugs were taken to suppress the body's immune reaction Great events in history of transplantation 2006-7year Immunology ...
... human kidney transplant was performed between twins in Boston. – Transplants were possible in unrelated people if drugs were taken to suppress the body's immune reaction Great events in history of transplantation 2006-7year Immunology ...
PowerPoint Presentation - How T cells recognize antigen: The T Cell
... SH2 domains bind to specific phosphotyrosines within ITAMs ...
... SH2 domains bind to specific phosphotyrosines within ITAMs ...
Signal Transduction ? ? ? ? ? ? TCR associates with the CD3 Complex
... attaches phosphate groups to specific amino acids of proteins (Tyr, Ser, Thr) ...
... attaches phosphate groups to specific amino acids of proteins (Tyr, Ser, Thr) ...
8-9-TCRs and T-cells
... -- only bind to AG + MHC -- smaller spectrum of AG bound -- TCRs not secreted ...
... -- only bind to AG + MHC -- smaller spectrum of AG bound -- TCRs not secreted ...
T-Cell Receptor PP - University of Arizona
... The best characterized (and probably the most important) costimulatory molecule is CD28, a 44-kd glycoprotein that is expressed as a homodimer on the surfaces of virtually all CD4 T cells and approximately 50% of CD8 T cells. CD28 binds two distinct cell surface molecules, B7.1 and B7.2, found on de ...
... The best characterized (and probably the most important) costimulatory molecule is CD28, a 44-kd glycoprotein that is expressed as a homodimer on the surfaces of virtually all CD4 T cells and approximately 50% of CD8 T cells. CD28 binds two distinct cell surface molecules, B7.1 and B7.2, found on de ...
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION and the MHC
... such endosomes fuse with a vesicle containing foreign antigen, CLIP is removed by a peptide unloader/loader, DM, which then places foreign peptides in the groove of the MHC class II molecule. (Degradation of Ii increases the mobility of these antigen presenting cells.) The peptide MHC complex then t ...
... such endosomes fuse with a vesicle containing foreign antigen, CLIP is removed by a peptide unloader/loader, DM, which then places foreign peptides in the groove of the MHC class II molecule. (Degradation of Ii increases the mobility of these antigen presenting cells.) The peptide MHC complex then t ...
Distinct Pathways of Hepatitis C Virus Uptake and - HAL
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the initiation of anti-viral immunity. As sentinels of the ...
... Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the initiation of anti-viral immunity. As sentinels of the ...
Recognition of Antigens
... immunity when injected into experimental animals, and that protection could be transferred to other susceptible animals by injecting serum from their immune counterparts ...
... immunity when injected into experimental animals, and that protection could be transferred to other susceptible animals by injecting serum from their immune counterparts ...
Thymic Selection of T-Cell Receptors as an Extreme Value Problem
... infected hosts with the aid of T lymphocytes (T cells). Foreign (antigenic) and self-proteins are processed into short peptides (p) inside antigen-presenting cells (APCs), bound to major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins, and presented on the surface of APCs. Each T-cell receptor (TCR) has a conserv ...
... infected hosts with the aid of T lymphocytes (T cells). Foreign (antigenic) and self-proteins are processed into short peptides (p) inside antigen-presenting cells (APCs), bound to major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins, and presented on the surface of APCs. Each T-cell receptor (TCR) has a conserv ...
Open Access version via Utrecht University Repository
... Human cells present antigenic peptides on its surface via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These peptides are generated by the degradation of intracellular proteins by proteasomes in the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum and binding to MHC c ...
... Human cells present antigenic peptides on its surface via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These peptides are generated by the degradation of intracellular proteins by proteasomes in the cytoplasm and subsequent translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum and binding to MHC c ...
An Interpretative Introduction to the Immune System
... Additionally, macrophages that are activated by binding secrete molecules called cytokines. The release of cytokines activates the next phase of host defense, termed the early induced response. 2.1.3 Cytokines and Natural Killer Cells Cytokines are molecules that function as a variety of important s ...
... Additionally, macrophages that are activated by binding secrete molecules called cytokines. The release of cytokines activates the next phase of host defense, termed the early induced response. 2.1.3 Cytokines and Natural Killer Cells Cytokines are molecules that function as a variety of important s ...
Signal minus 1: A key factor in immunological tolerance to
... members) are C-type lectins whereas the human receptors (p58, NKBl, NKAT) are Ig superfamily members. The reason for this structural discrepancy is unclear although it has been suggested that CD94 is the Ly49 equivalent in humans."^ Nevertheless, the receptors in both species recognize class I MHC m ...
... members) are C-type lectins whereas the human receptors (p58, NKBl, NKAT) are Ig superfamily members. The reason for this structural discrepancy is unclear although it has been suggested that CD94 is the Ly49 equivalent in humans."^ Nevertheless, the receptors in both species recognize class I MHC m ...
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface molecules encoded by a large gene family which controls a major part of the immune system in all vertebrates. The major function of major histocompatibility complexes is to bind to peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T-cells. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or with body cells. The MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant, as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization. In humans, the MHC is also called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA).In a cell, protein molecules of the host's own phenotype or of other biologic entities are continually synthesized and degraded. Each MHC molecule on the cell surface displays a molecular fraction of a protein, called epitope. The presented antigen can be either 'self' or 'nonself', thus preventing an organism`s immune system targeting its own cells. In its entirety, the MHC population is like a meter indicating the balance of proteins within the cell.The MHC gene family is divided into three subgroups: class I, class II, and class III. Class I MHC molecules have β2 subunits so can only be recognised by CD8 co-receptors. Class II MHC molecules have no β2 subunits so can be recognised by CD4 co-receptors. In this way MHC molecules chaperones which type of lymphocytes may bind to the given antigen with high affinity, since different lymphocytes express different TCR co-receptors. Diversity of antigen presentation, mediated by MHC classes I and II, is attained in at least three ways: (1) an organism's MHC repertoire is polygenic (via multiple, interacting genes); (2) MHC expression is codominant (from both sets of inherited alleles); (3) MHC gene variants are highly polymorphic (diversely varying from organism to organism within a species). Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection has been observed in male mice making mate choices of females with different MHCs and thus demonstrating sexual selection.