1998 warkany lecture: Signaling pathways in development
... these signal ligands are complex proteins, although some are small molecules (e.g. steroids). Some require several steps of processing in the extracellular space before they can be bound by a receptor, and some require the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components before they act as signals. ...
... these signal ligands are complex proteins, although some are small molecules (e.g. steroids). Some require several steps of processing in the extracellular space before they can be bound by a receptor, and some require the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components before they act as signals. ...
Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing
... (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors ...
... (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors ...
Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)
... up-regulate the expression of cellular genes involved in cellular proliferation and DNA repair. Tax is the major viral protein that is able to interfere in different levels, acting in the up-regulation and down-regulation of transcription factors and inhibiting the activity of cell cycle regulators ...
... up-regulate the expression of cellular genes involved in cellular proliferation and DNA repair. Tax is the major viral protein that is able to interfere in different levels, acting in the up-regulation and down-regulation of transcription factors and inhibiting the activity of cell cycle regulators ...
Cell signaling by chemical messengers
... * Insulin receptor signals through several paths: • Binding of hormone causes autophosphorylation • Binds IRS (insulin receptor substrates), PO4 those: • Grb2 can signal through Ras and MAPK path •Other proteins bind, interact with PIPs in membrane ...
... * Insulin receptor signals through several paths: • Binding of hormone causes autophosphorylation • Binds IRS (insulin receptor substrates), PO4 those: • Grb2 can signal through Ras and MAPK path •Other proteins bind, interact with PIPs in membrane ...
Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to ""interfere"" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. IFNs also have various other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Certain symptoms of infections, such as fever, muscle pain and ""flu-like symptoms"", are also caused by the production of IFNs and other cytokines.More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals, including humans. They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system.