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... information from the nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two. The peripheral nervous system branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body. Made up of neurons with long axons and dend ...
... information from the nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two. The peripheral nervous system branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body. Made up of neurons with long axons and dend ...
Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System
... brain stem. It functions to coordinate voluntary movement. People who have damage to the cerebellum have difficulty walking, keeping their balance, and holding their hands steady. Consuming alcohol influences the cerebellum, which is why people who are drunk have more difficulty walking in a straigh ...
... brain stem. It functions to coordinate voluntary movement. People who have damage to the cerebellum have difficulty walking, keeping their balance, and holding their hands steady. Consuming alcohol influences the cerebellum, which is why people who are drunk have more difficulty walking in a straigh ...
Neuroimaging Studies of Memory. In Encyclopedia of the
... lobes, whereas information about shape and other nonspatial object-features of the same stimulus is processed by a ventral stream in the occipital and inferior temporal lobes. Generalizing from this example, we can say that the nature of incoming information will influence the path of processing tha ...
... lobes, whereas information about shape and other nonspatial object-features of the same stimulus is processed by a ventral stream in the occipital and inferior temporal lobes. Generalizing from this example, we can say that the nature of incoming information will influence the path of processing tha ...
AandPChp7Brain
... •Concussion •Slight brain injury •No permanent brain damage unless multiple concussions occur •Contusion •Nervous tissue destruction occurs •Nervous tissue does not regenerate •Cerebral edema •Swelling from the inflammatory response •May compress and kill brain tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... •Concussion •Slight brain injury •No permanent brain damage unless multiple concussions occur •Contusion •Nervous tissue destruction occurs •Nervous tissue does not regenerate •Cerebral edema •Swelling from the inflammatory response •May compress and kill brain tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana
... systems (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, VS, anterior cingulate) are also involved during negative reinforcement [19] [20]. For instance, using the MID, Kim et al. (2006) reported that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is active during successful avoidance of monetary loss in healthy individuals [ ...
... systems (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, VS, anterior cingulate) are also involved during negative reinforcement [19] [20]. For instance, using the MID, Kim et al. (2006) reported that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is active during successful avoidance of monetary loss in healthy individuals [ ...
The Endogenously Active Brain: The Need for an
... operations [Petersen, Fox, Posner et al. 1988]. Thus, in their pioneering PET study they subtracted the blood flow measured when subjects simply read a noun aloud from that measured when they first generated a related verb and read it aloud. They found increased activity in the left prefrontal corte ...
... operations [Petersen, Fox, Posner et al. 1988]. Thus, in their pioneering PET study they subtracted the blood flow measured when subjects simply read a noun aloud from that measured when they first generated a related verb and read it aloud. They found increased activity in the left prefrontal corte ...
Wernicke`s area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and
... common ancestor of chimpanzees, bonobos and humans, we defined the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of area Tpt, a component of Wernicke’s area, in 12 common chimpanzee brains and used designbased stereologic methods to estimate regional volumes, total neuron number and neuron density. In addition, we c ...
... common ancestor of chimpanzees, bonobos and humans, we defined the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of area Tpt, a component of Wernicke’s area, in 12 common chimpanzee brains and used designbased stereologic methods to estimate regional volumes, total neuron number and neuron density. In addition, we c ...
New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the
... Connectivity of the semantic system we used the DO 80, which consists of 80 black and white pictures selected according to variables such as frequency, familiarity, age of acquisition and level of education (Metz-Lutz et al., 1991). The patient was never informed when the brain was stimulated. The ...
... Connectivity of the semantic system we used the DO 80, which consists of 80 black and white pictures selected according to variables such as frequency, familiarity, age of acquisition and level of education (Metz-Lutz et al., 1991). The patient was never informed when the brain was stimulated. The ...
Facial Expression Recognition, Fear Conditioning, and Startle
... conduct disorder (CD). Most of these studies focused on male subjects and little is known about emotional processing in female subjects with CD. Our primary aim was to characterize explicit and implicit aspects of emotion function to determine whether deficits in these processes are present in girls ...
... conduct disorder (CD). Most of these studies focused on male subjects and little is known about emotional processing in female subjects with CD. Our primary aim was to characterize explicit and implicit aspects of emotion function to determine whether deficits in these processes are present in girls ...
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... RRTF analysis (0.27 versus 0.28, p > 0.5; one-way ANOVA). Although it is unclear how topographic map reorganization and temporal plasticity are related, it is interesting to note that pairing random-frequency 15-pps trains with NB stimulation significantly increased the maximum stimulus following ra ...
... RRTF analysis (0.27 versus 0.28, p > 0.5; one-way ANOVA). Although it is unclear how topographic map reorganization and temporal plasticity are related, it is interesting to note that pairing random-frequency 15-pps trains with NB stimulation significantly increased the maximum stimulus following ra ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based view, using multivariate pattern analyses to ‘decode’ affective and emotional experiences [14–18] and related affective psychopathology [19–21]. For example, in an innovative recent study, Kassam and colleagues [14] identified patterns of fMRI act ...
... Recently, studies have begun to take a pattern-based view, using multivariate pattern analyses to ‘decode’ affective and emotional experiences [14–18] and related affective psychopathology [19–21]. For example, in an innovative recent study, Kassam and colleagues [14] identified patterns of fMRI act ...
Untitled
... hemispheres. This is the corpus callosum. Gently spread apart the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Pick out the pia and blood vessels to expose four rounded mounds, the superior and inferior colliculi (see Figure 7). In sheep, the superior colliculi are much larger and better developed than the inferior ...
... hemispheres. This is the corpus callosum. Gently spread apart the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Pick out the pia and blood vessels to expose four rounded mounds, the superior and inferior colliculi (see Figure 7). In sheep, the superior colliculi are much larger and better developed than the inferior ...
The Functional Organization of the Barrel Cortex
... Actively Acquired Sensory Information • Recordings from the first-order sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion of awake rodents • in the absence of whisker movement - no spontaneous action potential firing in the trigeminal ganglion. • ‘‘whisking in air,’’- a low level of spiking activity in th ...
... Actively Acquired Sensory Information • Recordings from the first-order sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion of awake rodents • in the absence of whisker movement - no spontaneous action potential firing in the trigeminal ganglion. • ‘‘whisking in air,’’- a low level of spiking activity in th ...
Your Brain
... tissues. For example, MRI scans reveal enlarged fluid-filled areas in some patients suffering from schizophrenia, a disabling psychological disorder. These new tools have indeed triggered a scientific revolution, most of whose pioneers are still active. To be learning about the neurosciences now is ...
... tissues. For example, MRI scans reveal enlarged fluid-filled areas in some patients suffering from schizophrenia, a disabling psychological disorder. These new tools have indeed triggered a scientific revolution, most of whose pioneers are still active. To be learning about the neurosciences now is ...
The Nervous System
... tranquilizers. The third category of causes is unknown. It appears that the amount of dopamine has to be reduced by 80 percent before symptoms appear (Kolb & Whishaw, 1985). There is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease. The treatment that is usually applied is a drug called Ldopa. When this drug i ...
... tranquilizers. The third category of causes is unknown. It appears that the amount of dopamine has to be reduced by 80 percent before symptoms appear (Kolb & Whishaw, 1985). There is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease. The treatment that is usually applied is a drug called Ldopa. When this drug i ...
2320Lecture20
... – changes that are not accompanied by transients are hard to detect • e.g. building appearing slowly • orienting mechanism scans the scene aimlessly ...
... – changes that are not accompanied by transients are hard to detect • e.g. building appearing slowly • orienting mechanism scans the scene aimlessly ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
PDF - 6 pages - Scholastic Heads Up
... changes in a person’s brain structure as a result of using drugs. Functional MRIs [fMRI] show that teens may focus more on rewards and less on risks when making decisions—which can increase risks for using drugs. PET scans have shown how using drugs can cause changes in the way brain cells function. ...
... changes in a person’s brain structure as a result of using drugs. Functional MRIs [fMRI] show that teens may focus more on rewards and less on risks when making decisions—which can increase risks for using drugs. PET scans have shown how using drugs can cause changes in the way brain cells function. ...
Neural Effects of Positive and Negative Incentives during
... systems (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, VS, anterior cingulate) are also involved during negative reinforcement [19] [20]. For instance, using the MID, Kim et al. (2006) reported that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is active during successful avoidance of monetary loss in healthy individuals [ ...
... systems (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, VS, anterior cingulate) are also involved during negative reinforcement [19] [20]. For instance, using the MID, Kim et al. (2006) reported that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is active during successful avoidance of monetary loss in healthy individuals [ ...
Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the
... visual cortex: cells in rewired Al display visual properties such as orientation selectivity and direction selectivity7, and they encode a two-dimensional map of visual space6 and of orientation-selective cells19. We investigated whether activation of the crossmodal projection evokes visual or audit ...
... visual cortex: cells in rewired Al display visual properties such as orientation selectivity and direction selectivity7, and they encode a two-dimensional map of visual space6 and of orientation-selective cells19. We investigated whether activation of the crossmodal projection evokes visual or audit ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... The PET activation paradigm was based on that developed by Frith et al. (1991a) and contrasted rCBF during two conditions: word generation and word repetition. In the present study, modifications to the procedure were required to accommodate an older patient group with possible speech impairment. Th ...
... The PET activation paradigm was based on that developed by Frith et al. (1991a) and contrasted rCBF during two conditions: word generation and word repetition. In the present study, modifications to the procedure were required to accommodate an older patient group with possible speech impairment. Th ...
Classical Conditioning Methods in Psychotherapy
... a higher number of feared objects than do adults, though some fears develop later (Merckelbach et al., 1996). What accounts for the diminution of the feared objects as people get older? The answer is likely natural exposure that occurs during the course of childhood. If a child is showing a fear of ...
... a higher number of feared objects than do adults, though some fears develop later (Merckelbach et al., 1996). What accounts for the diminution of the feared objects as people get older? The answer is likely natural exposure that occurs during the course of childhood. If a child is showing a fear of ...
The Brain - Personal
... • Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe • Longitudinal fissure • Separates the two hemispheres • Transverse cerebral fissure • Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum ...
... • Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe • Longitudinal fissure • Separates the two hemispheres • Transverse cerebral fissure • Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum ...