an improved heat soak calculation for mechanical seals
... coefficients. Heat soak can be from the seal chamber to the fluid within, or from the fluid to the seal chamber. Typically, the term heat soak is used to describe heat transfer from a hot pump to a cooler liquid within the seal chamber. During the development of the API 682 seal standard (2004), the ...
... coefficients. Heat soak can be from the seal chamber to the fluid within, or from the fluid to the seal chamber. Typically, the term heat soak is used to describe heat transfer from a hot pump to a cooler liquid within the seal chamber. During the development of the API 682 seal standard (2004), the ...
simulation of supercritical water flow in the venelle 2 well
... is simulated with a transient heat transfer model in the material layers around the well (casings, cement and rock). Note that axial heat transfer is for the time being neglected. 2.3. Thermodynamic model. The fluid-dynamical model uses a tabulated steamwater equation of state, and can handle subcri ...
... is simulated with a transient heat transfer model in the material layers around the well (casings, cement and rock). Note that axial heat transfer is for the time being neglected. 2.3. Thermodynamic model. The fluid-dynamical model uses a tabulated steamwater equation of state, and can handle subcri ...
Lecture notes on macroscopic balances
... equations of change. M. Oluş Özbek CHBE386 Lecture Notes ...
... equations of change. M. Oluş Özbek CHBE386 Lecture Notes ...
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
... Having established that temperature difference (or more strictly, temperature gradient) is a thennodynamic driving potential for work production, one can easily recognize that there are other thermodynamic potentials for work production, such as pressl,lre gradients (piston engines and turbines, for ...
... Having established that temperature difference (or more strictly, temperature gradient) is a thennodynamic driving potential for work production, one can easily recognize that there are other thermodynamic potentials for work production, such as pressl,lre gradients (piston engines and turbines, for ...
Differential Balances
... bulk velocity v so that no convective transfer of any quantity (mass, momentum, or energy) occurs across the surface of the fluid element; therefore, momentum of a fluid element moving with the flow can only be altered by forces exerted on the fluid element. When using the Euler equations to describ ...
... bulk velocity v so that no convective transfer of any quantity (mass, momentum, or energy) occurs across the surface of the fluid element; therefore, momentum of a fluid element moving with the flow can only be altered by forces exerted on the fluid element. When using the Euler equations to describ ...
Thermodynamics - WordPress.com
... If a system is perfectly conducting to the surroundings and the temperature remains constant j throughout the process, it is called an isothermal process. Consider a working substance at a certain % pressure and temperature and having volume represented by the point A (Fig. 4.6). Pressure decreased ...
... If a system is perfectly conducting to the surroundings and the temperature remains constant j throughout the process, it is called an isothermal process. Consider a working substance at a certain % pressure and temperature and having volume represented by the point A (Fig. 4.6). Pressure decreased ...
unit 61: engineering thermodynamics
... a mass of 20 g. The gas is compressed with a mean force of 80 N which moves the piston 50 mm. At the same time 5 Joules of heat transfer occurs out of the gas. Calculate the following. i. The work done.(4 J) ii. The change in internal energy. (-1 J) iii. The final temperature. (19.9oC) Take cv as 71 ...
... a mass of 20 g. The gas is compressed with a mean force of 80 N which moves the piston 50 mm. At the same time 5 Joules of heat transfer occurs out of the gas. Calculate the following. i. The work done.(4 J) ii. The change in internal energy. (-1 J) iii. The final temperature. (19.9oC) Take cv as 71 ...
Chem - Andhra University
... 2. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: The Covalent Bond: The simplest molecule H+ ion its exact description, dative Bond and its influence on Covalence-the concept of resonance and Hybridization. Multiple bonding characters of second period and higher period elements and the difference betwee ...
... 2. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: The Covalent Bond: The simplest molecule H+ ion its exact description, dative Bond and its influence on Covalence-the concept of resonance and Hybridization. Multiple bonding characters of second period and higher period elements and the difference betwee ...
Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass.The maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). In cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls off quickly, leading to wasted potential. For example, in the diagram at the right, the fluid being heated (exiting top) has a higher exiting temperature than the cooled fluid (exiting bottom) that was used for heating. With cocurrent or parallel exchange the heated and cooled fluids can only approach one another. The result is that countercurrent exchange can achieve a greater amount of heat or mass transfer than parallel under otherwise similar conditions. See: flow arrangement.Countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. Specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing fluid's tubes, the system is called a Countercurrent multiplier, enabling a multiplied effect of many small pumps to gradually build up a large concentration in the buffer liquid.Other countercurrent exchange circuits where the incoming and outgoing fluids touch each other are used for retaining a high concentration of a dissolved substance or for retaining heat, or for allowing the external buildup of the heat or concentration at one point in the system.Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a Rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems. Countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from sugar beet roots.Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. The tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a constant small pumping action all along it, so that a gradual intensification of the heat or concentration is created towards the loop. Countercurrent multiplication has been found in the kidneys as well as in many other biological organs.