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Currency factors: More than a zero sum game
Currency factors: More than a zero sum game

Market Risk Management
Market Risk Management

... In a Markov process, the past cannot be used to predict the future. Stock prices are usually assumed to follow a Markov process. This means all the past data have been discounted by the current stock price. Let us elaborate this through a simple example provided by Paul Wilmott in his book “Quantita ...
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... found that assets with low beta had superior returns than returns assessed through CAPM, while assets with high beta performed worse than expected according to CAPM. Black (1972) built an alternative to classic CAPM by eliminating one restrictive hypothesis. He presumed that investors do not have ac ...
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... the planning stage that requires the least amount of resources and therefore the lowest risk in the project life cycle The development stage has the highest risk because of the resources committed to the project against the high level of uncertainties associated with the project These uncertainties ...
Static and dynamic portfolio allocation with nonstandard utility
Static and dynamic portfolio allocation with nonstandard utility

... associated with the use of those utility functions. It is commonly accepted that is reasonable to expect that general investors can be characterized by a constant absolute risk aversion and a decreasing relative risk aversion as a function of the level of wealth. The quadratic utility function posse ...
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QFI CORE Model Solutions Fall 2014

... A zero mean reverting process is one with a zero mean in the long run. This means that E ( X t ) = 0 as t  ∞, which holds true for the given process. The speed at which it reaches zero is controlled by the parameter α. The larger this value, the faster the process will return to zero. (d) ...
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Chapter 5 Understanding Risk - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... • Leverage is the practice of borrowing to finance part of an investment. • Although leverage does increase the expected return, it increases the standard deviation. • Leverage magnifies the effect of price changes. • If you borrow to purchase an asset, you increase both the expected return and the ...
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Deutsche Invest I Top Asia - Deutsche Asset Management

... benchmark are calculated. In the event of strong market movements during this period, this may result in the over- or understatement of the Fund's performance relative to the benchmark at the end of the month (this is referred to as the "pricing effect"). The information in this document does not co ...
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Eventus® Calendar-Time Portfolio Regression

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... is a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). He is best known for his pioneering work in Modern Portfolio Theory, studying the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification on probable investment portfolio returns. His ...
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Modern portfolio theory

Modern portfolio theory (MPT) is a theory of finance that attempts to maximize portfolio expected return for a given amount of portfolio risk, or equivalently minimize risk for a given level of expected return, by carefully choosing the proportions of various assets. Although MPT is widely used in practice in the financial industry and several of its creators won a Nobel memorial prize for the theory, in recent years the basic assumptions of MPT have been widely challenged by fields such as behavioral economics.MPT is a mathematical formulation of the concept of diversification in investing, with the aim of selecting a collection of investment assets that has lower overall risk than any other combination of assets with the same expected return. This is possible, intuitively speaking, because different types of assets sometimes change in value in opposite directions. For example, to the extent prices in the stock market move differently from prices in the bond market, a combination of both types of assets can in theory generate lower overall risk than either individually. Diversification can lower risk even if assets' returns are positively correlated.More technically, MPT models an asset's return as a normally or elliptically distributed random variable, defines risk as the standard deviation of return, and models a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets, so that the return of a portfolio is the weighted combination of the assets' returns. By combining different assets whose returns are not perfectly positively correlated, MPT seeks to reduce the total variance of the portfolio return. MPT also assumes that investors are rational and markets are efficient.MPT was developed in the 1950s through the early 1970s and was considered an important advance in the mathematical modeling of finance. Since then, some theoretical and practical criticisms have been leveled against it. These include evidence that financial returns do not follow a normal distribution or indeed any symmetric distribution, and that correlations between asset classes are not fixed but can vary depending on external events (especially in crises). Further, there remains evidence that investors are not rational and markets may not be efficient. Finally, the low volatility anomaly conflicts with CAPM's trade-off assumption of higher risk for higher return. It states that a portfolio consisting of low volatility equities (like blue chip stocks) reaps higher risk-adjusted returns than a portfolio with high volatility equities (like illiquid penny stocks). A study conducted by Myron Scholes, Michael Jensen, and Fischer Black in 1972 suggests that the relationship between return and beta might be flat or even negatively correlated.
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