13. Clark B, McKendrick M. A review of viral gastroenteritis. Curr
... 12.333±2.160, 5.83±4.71 and 0.00±0.00, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance against Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime whereas Staphylococcus aureus was found resistant against Cefotaxime. Statistical analysis through one way ANOVA revealed that Ofloxacin and Gentamicin had significant (p< ...
... 12.333±2.160, 5.83±4.71 and 0.00±0.00, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance against Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime whereas Staphylococcus aureus was found resistant against Cefotaxime. Statistical analysis through one way ANOVA revealed that Ofloxacin and Gentamicin had significant (p< ...
Practical Notes: Tropical Bacteriology
... Many bacteria secrete around themselves a polysaccharide substance often referred to as a slime layer. This may become sufficiently thick to form a definite capsule around de organism. This capsule increases the pathogenicity of an organism by resistance against phagocytosis by host cells. Special t ...
... Many bacteria secrete around themselves a polysaccharide substance often referred to as a slime layer. This may become sufficiently thick to form a definite capsule around de organism. This capsule increases the pathogenicity of an organism by resistance against phagocytosis by host cells. Special t ...
Animal Pavilion
... up in organic molecules. This bacterium contains "carboxysomes" (dark spots which can be seen scattered throughout the cell), which store the enzymes used to fix carbon dioxide for cell carbon. You may recall that plants can fix carbon, that is, they can convert carbon dioxide into sugar, using the ...
... up in organic molecules. This bacterium contains "carboxysomes" (dark spots which can be seen scattered throughout the cell), which store the enzymes used to fix carbon dioxide for cell carbon. You may recall that plants can fix carbon, that is, they can convert carbon dioxide into sugar, using the ...
International Journal of Microbiological Research 4 (2): 101-118, 2013 ISSN 2079-2093
... Conventional clinical microbiology can detect only the planktonic, free-floating bacteria, which are absolutely different from bacteria enclosed in the biofilm [29-31]. The microbes have evolved other mechanisms to evade antimicrobial therapy and probably the most important among them is the ability ...
... Conventional clinical microbiology can detect only the planktonic, free-floating bacteria, which are absolutely different from bacteria enclosed in the biofilm [29-31]. The microbes have evolved other mechanisms to evade antimicrobial therapy and probably the most important among them is the ability ...
chapter 27 prokaryotes and the origins of metabolic diversity
... • Lacking meiotic sex, mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes. ...
... • Lacking meiotic sex, mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes. ...
improvements in the assessment of bacterial viability and
... used as a traditional device for restricting bacterial growth but also various disinfectants, some non-antibiotic drugs and other antimicrobials are widely employed. Typically, the number of viable micro-organisms is of particular interest. However, in some situations the number of dead cells can al ...
... used as a traditional device for restricting bacterial growth but also various disinfectants, some non-antibiotic drugs and other antimicrobials are widely employed. Typically, the number of viable micro-organisms is of particular interest. However, in some situations the number of dead cells can al ...
What You Need to Know About: E. coli
... E. coli O157 can be linked to beef as cattle are one of the primary hosts. Cross-contamination can occur when cattle are harvested and a hide with cattle feces comes in contact with a carcass or meat products. The beef processing sector implements several layers of safety interventions and works coo ...
... E. coli O157 can be linked to beef as cattle are one of the primary hosts. Cross-contamination can occur when cattle are harvested and a hide with cattle feces comes in contact with a carcass or meat products. The beef processing sector implements several layers of safety interventions and works coo ...
Bacterial Quorum Sensing - Penn State Department of Chemical
... signals produced by bacteria at different stages of growth (e.g., indole, which is produced by Escherichia coli during the stationary phase of growth) (2). An important difference between the two types of signals is that quorum-sensing signals, collectively known as autoinducers, are utilized by bac ...
... signals produced by bacteria at different stages of growth (e.g., indole, which is produced by Escherichia coli during the stationary phase of growth) (2). An important difference between the two types of signals is that quorum-sensing signals, collectively known as autoinducers, are utilized by bac ...
STUDIES ON THE IDENTITY AND ... BACTERIA ON STORED BARLEY
... of Fusarium, CladosE,Qrium, Helminthosporium and .E!:!1lularia. The group was said not to cause deterioration of grain in storage as these fungi were unable to grow at seed moisture contents below 25%. Storage fungi, on the other hand, were said to develop on and within seed only after it had been p ...
... of Fusarium, CladosE,Qrium, Helminthosporium and .E!:!1lularia. The group was said not to cause deterioration of grain in storage as these fungi were unable to grow at seed moisture contents below 25%. Storage fungi, on the other hand, were said to develop on and within seed only after it had been p ...
Full text PDF (free access)
... The mucosal immune system The barrier between the intestinal lumen and the mucosal immune system consists of a single-layered epithelium that is covered by gelatinous mucus. In the small intestine, the mucus has only one layer; in the colon with its high bacterial density there are two mucus layers. ...
... The mucosal immune system The barrier between the intestinal lumen and the mucosal immune system consists of a single-layered epithelium that is covered by gelatinous mucus. In the small intestine, the mucus has only one layer; in the colon with its high bacterial density there are two mucus layers. ...
Lesson 36. Nonsporing Anaerobes
... 2. Fusobacterium: These are gram negative, strict anaerobic, long, thin or spindle shaped bacilli with pointed ends. They are commensals in the mouth and also cause infections of this and related sites. F nucleatum and F.necroforum are the most commonly isolated species of this group. It may cause i ...
... 2. Fusobacterium: These are gram negative, strict anaerobic, long, thin or spindle shaped bacilli with pointed ends. They are commensals in the mouth and also cause infections of this and related sites. F nucleatum and F.necroforum are the most commonly isolated species of this group. It may cause i ...
Foodborne Illness
... The last time you came down with a “stomach bug,” it very easily could have been a mild case of a foodborne illness. The CDC reports an estimated 76 million cases of foodborne illness in the US every year. Even though most of these cases are minor, some can be a lot more serious. Foodborne illness l ...
... The last time you came down with a “stomach bug,” it very easily could have been a mild case of a foodborne illness. The CDC reports an estimated 76 million cases of foodborne illness in the US every year. Even though most of these cases are minor, some can be a lot more serious. Foodborne illness l ...
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat
... extract yield when compared to other methods.18 Besides, it also reduces the usage of solvent and produces high purity product. Moreover, the hot continuous extraction can release more secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone, quanissoids, and triterpe ...
... extract yield when compared to other methods.18 Besides, it also reduces the usage of solvent and produces high purity product. Moreover, the hot continuous extraction can release more secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone, quanissoids, and triterpe ...
The Functional Resistance of Bacterial Biofi lms Chapter 11 1 Pathogenic Bacterial Communities
... Antimicrobials are more effective in killing rapidly growing cells rather than in stationary cells (22). While some antibiotic classes such as fluoroquinolones may kill nongrowing cells, beta-lactams have an absolute requirement for cell growth in order to kill (23). Consistently, the rate of surviv ...
... Antimicrobials are more effective in killing rapidly growing cells rather than in stationary cells (22). While some antibiotic classes such as fluoroquinolones may kill nongrowing cells, beta-lactams have an absolute requirement for cell growth in order to kill (23). Consistently, the rate of surviv ...
EOSIN METHYLENE BLUE AGAR (EMB) EMB agar, a differential
... The contents include proteose peptone, bacto-beef extract, difco mannitol; bactophenol red, sodium chloride and bacto- agar. The phenol red acts as an indicator of pH change. At a pH of 7.4 and above, the agar is pink. When acid is added the pH drops and when it passes through 7.4 it turns yellow. T ...
... The contents include proteose peptone, bacto-beef extract, difco mannitol; bactophenol red, sodium chloride and bacto- agar. The phenol red acts as an indicator of pH change. At a pH of 7.4 and above, the agar is pink. When acid is added the pH drops and when it passes through 7.4 it turns yellow. T ...
Defensive microbial symbionts in Hymenoptera Martin Kaltenpoth
... epicuticle, primarily consists of lipids and hydrocarbons, which reduce desiccation but provide no real protection against pathogens. The inner (endo-)cuticle is composed of chitin and proteins that gain their rigidity by cross-linking, melanization and sclerotization. Thus, the endocuticle provides ...
... epicuticle, primarily consists of lipids and hydrocarbons, which reduce desiccation but provide no real protection against pathogens. The inner (endo-)cuticle is composed of chitin and proteins that gain their rigidity by cross-linking, melanization and sclerotization. Thus, the endocuticle provides ...
table of contents
... Members of this genus are Gram-positive, small pleomorphic rods (about 0.5 μm in diameter). They are non-spore forming, not acid-fast, catalase positive and oxidase negative. The majority are nonmotile except for the plant pathogens. These bacteria are frequently arranged in parallel “palisades” or ...
... Members of this genus are Gram-positive, small pleomorphic rods (about 0.5 μm in diameter). They are non-spore forming, not acid-fast, catalase positive and oxidase negative. The majority are nonmotile except for the plant pathogens. These bacteria are frequently arranged in parallel “palisades” or ...
Influence of diet on the structure and function of the bacterial hindgut
... Visuvanathan et al. (1989), which was reported to lyse both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, resulted in a 91% reduction of the direct counts and ≈ 99.9% of the viable counts (data not shown), indicating highly efficient lysis of the gut bacterial populations. The DNA yield using this metho ...
... Visuvanathan et al. (1989), which was reported to lyse both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, resulted in a 91% reduction of the direct counts and ≈ 99.9% of the viable counts (data not shown), indicating highly efficient lysis of the gut bacterial populations. The DNA yield using this metho ...
Introduction to the Preliminary Identification of Medically Important
... that many of their characteristics might be variable. In addition, species within a genus may differ in some characteristics eg Capnocytophaga canimorsus is oxidase positive, whereas Capnocytophaga ochracea is oxidase negative. For this reason some genera may appear in more than one table or chart. ...
... that many of their characteristics might be variable. In addition, species within a genus may differ in some characteristics eg Capnocytophaga canimorsus is oxidase positive, whereas Capnocytophaga ochracea is oxidase negative. For this reason some genera may appear in more than one table or chart. ...
pdf
... expansive search of soil-dwelling microorganisms for antimicrobial agents culminating in the “golden era” of antibiotic discovery during the mid-twentieth century, where most known classes of antibiotics were discovered.3 Environmental bacteria and fungi have been a great source of bioactive molecul ...
... expansive search of soil-dwelling microorganisms for antimicrobial agents culminating in the “golden era” of antibiotic discovery during the mid-twentieth century, where most known classes of antibiotics were discovered.3 Environmental bacteria and fungi have been a great source of bioactive molecul ...
AS Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Sep 2012
... Bacterial Selection Under increasing antibiotic selection pressure: 1. Bacteria resistant to a particular drug are selected and replicate 2. Different antibiotics select different bacteria but can select resistant phenotypes to other drugs as well 3. This results in multidrug-resistant (MDR) organis ...
... Bacterial Selection Under increasing antibiotic selection pressure: 1. Bacteria resistant to a particular drug are selected and replicate 2. Different antibiotics select different bacteria but can select resistant phenotypes to other drugs as well 3. This results in multidrug-resistant (MDR) organis ...
ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
... Application of unsuitable disinfectants or disinfectants in improper concentrations is conducive to the generation of forms that are resistant to such disinfectants [2]. The more so, in such locations as hospitals one often encounters cross-infections, which may result in even greater problems [16]. ...
... Application of unsuitable disinfectants or disinfectants in improper concentrations is conducive to the generation of forms that are resistant to such disinfectants [2]. The more so, in such locations as hospitals one often encounters cross-infections, which may result in even greater problems [16]. ...
Export as Word
... hides the bile-sensitive cytoplasmic membrane (Nikaido, 1996). Other species specific bileresistance mechanisms have also been identified (Provenzano, et al. 2000; Thanassi et al. ...
... hides the bile-sensitive cytoplasmic membrane (Nikaido, 1996). Other species specific bileresistance mechanisms have also been identified (Provenzano, et al. 2000; Thanassi et al. ...
The Mechanics of Antimicrobial Resistance
... suspected to delay healing in some. Planktonic bacteria attach within minutes and form strongly attached micro colonies within 2–4 hours. They become increasingly tolerant to biocides, e.g. antimicrobials, antiseptics and disinfectants, within 6–12 hours and evolve into fully mature biofilm colonies ...
... suspected to delay healing in some. Planktonic bacteria attach within minutes and form strongly attached micro colonies within 2–4 hours. They become increasingly tolerant to biocides, e.g. antimicrobials, antiseptics and disinfectants, within 6–12 hours and evolve into fully mature biofilm colonies ...
Bacteria
Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, ""You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are.""Most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.