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The physiology of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. as a
The physiology of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. as a

... aboveground organs consisted of leaves and inflorescences. There are two types of leaves, sheath leaves are former sprouting with short and thick leaf blade and followed by foliage leaves with elliptic shape, deep green and reddish median vein. Stomata is mostly tetracyctic type, however, pentacytic ...
sweet briar.indd - City of Whittlesea
sweet briar.indd - City of Whittlesea

... serrations along the margin (edges). Leaves grow in groups often referred to as a leaflet, with up to 7 leaves along each stem (see Photo 3). The underside of each leaf is often whitish, with tiny hooks along the mid-vein. As roses are deciduous, the leaves will gradually change colour to yellow duri ...
video slide - Everglades High School
video slide - Everglades High School

... Tubers. Tubers, such as these mostly of the enlarged bases red potatoes, are enlarged of leaves that store food. You ends of rhizomes specialized can see the many layers of for storing food. The “eyes” modified leaves attached arranged in a spiral pattern to the short stem by slicing an around a pot ...
03 Plant Evolution 08 W
03 Plant Evolution 08 W

... Green algae are closely related to land plants. They have the same kind of chloroplasts and chlorophylls, and many biochemical similarities. However, their body structures are very simple; they lack the highly differentiated tissues of land plants. Many are unicellular, while some are multicellular ...
Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage: Fruit fly, Stone/Nut
Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage: Fruit fly, Stone/Nut

... The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation. The pupal period varies from 5-7 days. There are 3-4 overlapping generations of the pest spread over the period from January-March. ...
Archaefructus – angiosperm precursor or specialized early
Archaefructus – angiosperm precursor or specialized early

... Archaefructus. Most extant angiosperm groups with underwater flowers have lost their perianth. The best examples are in Alismatales, in which several taxa with flowers borne above the water have a normal perianth, whereas other, related taxa have underwater flowers without a perianth (Cymodoceaceae, ...
Subfam. Apostasioideae PDF
Subfam. Apostasioideae PDF

... Herbs, erect. Rhizome usually retrorse, with several stout aerial roots. Stem often stiff and woody at base, not branched. Leaves several to many, plicate, basally contracted into a clasping, petiole-like stalk. Inflorescence erect, terminal, racemose, not branched; peduncle with several foliaceous ...
Cercidiphyllaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae

... pointed buds occur above a narrow leaf scar with three ...
Selenium Distribution and Speciation in the
Selenium Distribution and Speciation in the

... herbivores, accumulated Se may offer protection from Se-sensitive microbial plant pathogens. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) plants treated with Se were less susceptible to a fungal leaf pathogen (Alternaria brassicicola) and a fungal root/stem pathogen (Fusarium sp.) compared with control plants n ...
22–3 Seedless Vascular Plants
22–3 Seedless Vascular Plants

... Seeds may have special tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal to other habitats. ...
Whittlesea weed fact sheet * Sweet Briar
Whittlesea weed fact sheet * Sweet Briar

... Leaves: Roundish, mid-green leaves with slight serrations along the margin (edges). Leaves grow in groups often referred to as a leaflet, with up to 7 leaves along each stem. The underside of each leaf is often whitish, with tiny hooks along the mid-vein. As roses are deciduous, the leaves will gra ...
Auxin Is Required for Leaf Vein Pattern in
Auxin Is Required for Leaf Vein Pattern in

... solve this problem through the development of an integrated network of veins (the vascular system) that interconnect all parts of the plant. The veins are composed of two tissues, xylem and phloem, which function to transport water and photosynthate, respectively. Within the leaf, some veins connect ...
Reprint  - Horizon Research Publishing
Reprint - Horizon Research Publishing

... of the spirally arranged leaves. The adventitious roots can be triarch or tetrarch. The stem, unlike all other seed plants, does not form vascular bundles. The phloem appears dispersed among the xylem elements, without any organized arrangement. Protoxylem elements are only observed next to the stem ...
303-422-EDEN - Little Eden Plantscaping
303-422-EDEN - Little Eden Plantscaping

... Sansevieria (Snake plant, mother-in-law's tongue) Known by many names, this succulent is one of the most durable, easy-to-grow house plants. It is able to withstand drought, poor light, drafts, low humidity, temperature fluctuation and neglect. Overwatering is its greatest enemy. Grow in diffused su ...
TG/195/1
TG/195/1

... assessment of distinctness. Characteristics which are suitable for grouping purposes are those which are known from experience not to vary, or to vary only slightly, within a variety. Their various states of expression should be fairly evenly distributed throughout the collection. ...
wild food plants traditionally used in the province of madrid, central
wild food plants traditionally used in the province of madrid, central

... was to collect as much data as possible on almost-forgotten plant uses, the selection of informants was biased. Nearly all were aged individuals with an empirical knowledge of plants who had lived and worked in the rural environment. Almost all interviews were conducted during field walks. The inter ...
The Calabash Gourd - Botanical Society of South Africa
The Calabash Gourd - Botanical Society of South Africa

... typically have the narrow neck end cut off and have a small hole drilled into the bottom which is fitted with a wooden plug. This is for draining the thin watery whey from the clotted souring milk curds. Green fruit are sliced and fried, steamed or boiled as a vegetable in much the same way we cook ...
Biochemistry, Medicinal and Food values of Jute
Biochemistry, Medicinal and Food values of Jute

... Abstract: Jute (Corchorus spp.) leaf has long been used as a remedy in many cultures. Jute leaf products, which include the leaf juice, fried leaf, and some time whole green leaf, are used, among other reasons, as laxatives, in creams for skin care, and as a treatment for a wide range of diseases, r ...
The N-end rule pathway controls multiple functions during
The N-end rule pathway controls multiple functions during

... the family of class I KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOX) genes (24–26). To test whether BP is misexpressed in ate1 ate2 doublemutant plants, we crossed a previously described BP reporter line (BP:GUS; ref. 26) into the ate1 ate2 double-mutant background. In agreement with the known BP expression pattern, ...
(Araceae) of Borneo XIX - International Aroid Society
(Araceae) of Borneo XIX - International Aroid Society

... clade, by its squat pistils, its subglobose sessile interpistillar staminodes and its longitudinally finely ridged petioles, peduncle and spathe limb exterior. Description — Small rheophytic herbs c.  10  cm tall, although usually less. Stem epigeal, erect, leafy, rooting from nodes and through peti ...
View Full Text-PDF - International Journal of Current Research in
View Full Text-PDF - International Journal of Current Research in

... better in arid regions producing leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds (Bardi and Burkinshaw, 1993). L. inermis is a much-branched glabrous shrub with tipped branchlets in most cases. Young branches are quadrangular green but turn red with age. The leaves are opposite in arrangement, entire in margin, e ...
Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants

... Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem: how to get and keep water. Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes. Their adaptations may help them increase water intake, decrease water loss, or store water when it is available. The saguaro ca ...
Forestry Tree/Leaf ID - University of Tennessee Extension
Forestry Tree/Leaf ID - University of Tennessee Extension

... Flower: Males in drooping, long panicles; females are subglobose, have peltate scales, and tend to occur near the end of branches. Fruit: Cones are composed of peltate scales forming a woody, brown sphere with rough surfaces, 3/4 to 1 inch in diameter; cones disintegrate into irregular seeds. Twig: ...
Littoral Plant Communities
Littoral Plant Communities

... • Pistia, water lettuce, was first found in Egypt near the Nile. Now it has been dispersed by humans to nearly all tropical and subtropical waterways. It has become a pest in the US on some waterways. ...
Ambrosia chamissonis silver burweed
Ambrosia chamissonis silver burweed

... However, it should be noted that proper identification of some plants, particularly grasses, sedges and rushes, is often relegated to expert botanists with aid of a dissection microscope. Field identification of these plants – especially preflowering or post-fruiting – may not always be possible. Fo ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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