Download Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage: Fruit fly, Stone/Nut

Identification, Symptoms and Nature of
Damage: Sap Feeders
Mango
Mealy Bug
Inflorescence
Midge
Mango Hopper
Idioscopus clypealis,
I. itidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Cicadellidae
Introduction
The mango hoppers are the most destructive pests of all the
varieties of mango.
Three species of hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. nitidulus
and Amritodus atkinsoni are the most important and found on
panicles, leaves and stems, respectively.
The hoppers are prevalent in the mango flowering season,
multiply in large numbers and proves devastating to the crop.
Damage to the mango crop may be as high as 60 per cent.
The growth of young trees is much retarded and older trees
do not bear much fruits
Identification
Nymph – The nymphs of Idiosocopus clypealis are dull
yellow or dust yellow, whereas those of Amritodus atkinsoni
are pale yellow, elongated and more active.
Adult: Small insects 4-5mm long with the body shape of a
miniature cicada / wedge shaped.
– Amritodus atkinsoni Adults: large, light brown with two
spots on scutellum.
– Idioscopus nitidulus; Adults: dark with wavy lines on
wings and three spots on scutellum.
– I. clypealis; Adults: small, light brown with dark spots on
the vertex and two spots on scutellum.
Life Cycle of Mango Hopper
Female inserts eggs into flower buds,
inflorescence stalks and tender leaves.
Incubation period: 4-7 days
Nymphal Period: 12-17 days
Completes 2-3 generation in flowering
period
Symptoms
The pest usually occurs in high numbers on
mango flowers during the spring and on leaves
during the summer.
When disturbed, the adults jump off the plant
with a distinctive clicking sound, make a short
flight and settle back on the plant. The nymphs
cannot fly, but they can be seen moving
rapidly on the plants.
Nature of Damage
Drying of infested tissue: Large number of nymphs and
adults puncture and suck the sap of tender parts such as
panicles, inflorescence, leaves and fruits, thereby reducing the
vigour of the plants and particularly destroying inflorescence
and causing fruit drop.
Sooty mould: They also damage the crop by excreting a sweet
sticky substance which facilitates the development of sooty
mould, a fungi, which affects photosynthesis activities of leaf,
reducing the vigour of the plants. Heavy puncturing and
continuous draining of the sap cause curling and drying of the
infested tissue.
Mango Mealy Bug
Dorsicha mangiferae
Homoptera:Margarodidae
Introduction
Mealy bug is another major pest of mango in India
and is widely distributed.
Dorsicha mangiferae is the most common mealy
bug and causes severe damage to mango crop
throughout the country.
Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce
the vigour of the plant. Excessive and continuous
draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally
drying of infested tissue.
Identification
Adult:
– The adult male is winged and small
– Female is bigger and wingless.
– The females can be identified by their flat shape,
covered with white flocculent wax covering.
Nymph – The nymphs are flat in shape and
pink to brown in colour.
Life Cycle of Mealy Bug
Nature of Damage
Presence of pinkish nymphs and adult mealy bugs on
trunk, branches, fruits and fruit stalk.
After climbing up the tree they start sucking the sap of
tender plant parts.
Adults and nymphs both suck the plant sap and
reduce the plant growth, destroy inflorescence and
causes fruit drop.
Excessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes
wilting and finally drying of infested tissue.
Mealy bug excretes honey dew, a sticky substance,
which facilitates the development of sooty mould fungi.
Scale Insects Of Mango
Chionaspis vitis
Chloropulvinaria psidii
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Diaspididae
Introduction
Scale insect: Scale insects were not
considered serious pest on mango in
any part of the country till recently,
but of late, they have assumed the
status of serious pest in certain parts
of the country. Two species of scale
insect are most serious in India.
a. Chionaspis vitis- White elongate
hard scale.
b. Chloropulvinaria psidii- Females
with white ovisac.
Identification
Adult : White, elongate, hard scale.
Male are smaller than female.
Female scale is oval in shape having
transparent skin coat.
Symptoms
Both adults and nymphs suck the sap of leaves.
Severe infestation completely coats the
underside of leaves which become yellow and
die.
It also caused cracking of bark and decline
Flower spikes and fruits may also be infested.
Nature of damage
The nymphs and adult scales suck the
sap of the leaves and other tender
parts and reduce the vigour of the
plants.
Secrete honeydew which encourages
the development of sooty mould on
leaves and other tender parts of the
mango plant.
In case of severe scale infestation,
growth and fruit bearing capacity of
the tree is affected adversely.
Mango Inflorescence midge
Erosomyia indica
Order: Diptera
Family: Cecidomyiidae
Introduction
The mango inflorescence midge, Erosomyia indica Grover
Diptera : cecidomyiidae) is another major pest of mango.
Recently, this pest has become very serious in certain pockets
of Uttar Pradesh causing serious damage to mango crop by
attacking both the inflorescence and the small fruits.
In addition to the inflorescence midge, Erosomyia indica, two
other gall-midges Dasineura amramanjarae and Procystiphora
mangiferae Felt have been found damaging the mango
inflorescence
Identification
Larva : A maggot light yellowish colour and moults
three times.
Adult:
– a. Dasineura amaramanjarae: Orange red
– b. Erosomyia indica: Yellowish fly
– c. Procystiphora mangiferae: Light orange fly
Life Cycle
The adult midge are harmless minute flies which are short lived and die
within 24 hours of emergence after copulation and oviposition.
The flies lay eggs singly on floral parts like tender inflorescence axis,
newly set fruit or tender leaves encircling the inflorescence.
The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. Upon hatching, the minute maggots
penetrate the tender parts on which the eggs have been laid and feed on
them.
The larval period varies from 7-10 days.
The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation.
The pupal period varies from 5-7 days.
There are 3-4 overlapping generations of the pest spread over the period
from January-March.
Symptoms and Nature of Damage
Maggots attack the inflorescence stalk, flowers
and small developing fruits.
Maggot bore into the bud and feeds on inner
content.
Buds fail to open and drop down.
Larval feeding prevents flower opening and
consequently also development.
Summary
Sap feeding insects are generally small and hard to detect before they begin to do
damage. They feed by piercing leaves or stems with sharp, needle-like mouth parts,
and then sucking out the plant's juices. In mango orchards sap feeding insects mainly
are mango hopper, mealy bug, scale insects and inflorescence midge.
The mango hoppers are the most destructive pests of all the varieties of mango.
Three species of hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni
are the most important. Adult and nymphs suck the sap of tender parts which
facilitates development of fungi .This pest is prevalent during spring and summer.
Mango mealy bug Dorsicha mangifera is common and major pest of mango in India.
It causes severe damage to mango crop throughout the country. Adult and nymphs
both suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of plant. Mealy bug excrete honey dew
which cause development of sooty mould fungi.
Scale insect has attained status of serious pests in India recently. Two species of
Scale insect Chionaspsis vitis and C.psidii are found to be serious in the country.
Both adults and nymphs suck the sap of plant, during severe infestation yellowing of
leaves take place and plant die.
The mango inflorescence midge, Erosomyia indica is major pest of mango. Adults
are harmless, maggots bore inside the tender parts and feed upon them which
eventually hampers development. It can be controlled by removing affected flowers
and tender shoots
References
Butani, D.K. (1993). Mango: Pest Problems. Delhi, India: Periodical
Expert Book Agency, 290 pp.
Reddy P.Parvatha. Advances in integrated pest and diseases
management in horticultural crops. Volume I Fruit crops . Studium
press(India ) Pvt Ltd.359pp.
Srivastava, R.P. (1997). Mango Insect Pest Management (first
edition). Lucknow, India: International Book Distributing Co., 272 pp.
Verma. L.R., Verma A.K and Gautam, D.C.(2004). Pest
management in horticultural crops: Principles and practices.D.K
Publishers. 544pp.
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