Transmitter Release
... Transmitter is released in individual “bundles” of about 5,000-10,000 molecules These “transmitter bundles” are stored in organelles called synaptic vesicles The unit synaptic potential results from release of the contents of a single synaptic vesicle Transmitter is “sucked into” vesicles by an acti ...
... Transmitter is released in individual “bundles” of about 5,000-10,000 molecules These “transmitter bundles” are stored in organelles called synaptic vesicles The unit synaptic potential results from release of the contents of a single synaptic vesicle Transmitter is “sucked into” vesicles by an acti ...
Molecular Characterization of the Melanin
... were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic pockets, one between transmembrane domains 3 and 7 and the other between transmembrane domains 4, 5, and 6, which are separated by a central hydrophobic regio ...
... were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic pockets, one between transmembrane domains 3 and 7 and the other between transmembrane domains 4, 5, and 6, which are separated by a central hydrophobic regio ...
Purine nucleosides: endogenous neuroprotectants in hypoxic brain
... Adenosine is formed by stepwise dephosphorylation of ATP (Zimmermann 2000) and to a minor extent from hydrolysis of S-adenosyl homocysteine (Deussen et al. 1989). Normally, it is present in body fluids in concentrations 20–200 nM but in response to stress, for example, hypoxia, ischemia, inflammatio ...
... Adenosine is formed by stepwise dephosphorylation of ATP (Zimmermann 2000) and to a minor extent from hydrolysis of S-adenosyl homocysteine (Deussen et al. 1989). Normally, it is present in body fluids in concentrations 20–200 nM but in response to stress, for example, hypoxia, ischemia, inflammatio ...
Pleiotropy of leptin receptor signalling is defined by distinct roles of
... essential role of STAT3 in energy homeostasis [22]. However, whereas db ⁄ db mice are infertile, short and diabetic, leprS1138 mice are fertile, longer and appear to be less hyperglycemic. This result clearly indicates that STAT3-independent pathways play an important role in LEPRb signalling. Of th ...
... essential role of STAT3 in energy homeostasis [22]. However, whereas db ⁄ db mice are infertile, short and diabetic, leprS1138 mice are fertile, longer and appear to be less hyperglycemic. This result clearly indicates that STAT3-independent pathways play an important role in LEPRb signalling. Of th ...
TESI DOCTORAL NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR: STRATEGIES OF EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND REFOLDING
... within the 7 TM segments, these receptors can be clustered into 5 families: the rhodopsin family (701 members), the adhesion family (24 members), the frizzled/taste family (24 members), the glutamate family (15 members), and the secretin family (15 members). The physiologic function of a large fract ...
... within the 7 TM segments, these receptors can be clustered into 5 families: the rhodopsin family (701 members), the adhesion family (24 members), the frizzled/taste family (24 members), the glutamate family (15 members), and the secretin family (15 members). The physiologic function of a large fract ...
Analgetika kuat, Schunack
... An additional opioid receptor has been identified and cloned based on homology with the cDNA. This receptor is known as the ORL 1 receptor. Its natural ligand is known alternately as nociceptin or orphanin. Nociceptin is thought to be an endogenous antagonist of dopamine transport that may act eit ...
... An additional opioid receptor has been identified and cloned based on homology with the cDNA. This receptor is known as the ORL 1 receptor. Its natural ligand is known alternately as nociceptin or orphanin. Nociceptin is thought to be an endogenous antagonist of dopamine transport that may act eit ...
Localization of Leptin Binding Domain in the Leptin Receptor
... high affinity (Fig. 1). These data demonstrate that a minimal sequence with '300 residues and containing the second CK-F3 domain can function as a leptin binding site. Previous studies indicated that both the short (OB-Ra) and long (OB-Rb) forms of the cloned leptin receptor bind leptin with identic ...
... high affinity (Fig. 1). These data demonstrate that a minimal sequence with '300 residues and containing the second CK-F3 domain can function as a leptin binding site. Previous studies indicated that both the short (OB-Ra) and long (OB-Rb) forms of the cloned leptin receptor bind leptin with identic ...
AHEART December 46/6 - AJP
... CaCl2, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 1.2 MgSO4; pH 7.4) to wash out intravascular blood (⬃3–4 min). The heart was then perfused with calcium-free buffer (in mM: 118.5 NaCl, 24.8 NaHCO3, 10.0 glucose, 4.7 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 1.2 MgSO4; pH 7.4) for ⬃5 min or until the heart ceased to contract. On cessation of cont ...
... CaCl2, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 1.2 MgSO4; pH 7.4) to wash out intravascular blood (⬃3–4 min). The heart was then perfused with calcium-free buffer (in mM: 118.5 NaCl, 24.8 NaHCO3, 10.0 glucose, 4.7 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 1.2 MgSO4; pH 7.4) for ⬃5 min or until the heart ceased to contract. On cessation of cont ...
Transcription factors
... – Once the DNA template is accessible, the next requirement is to form the initiation complex • although other forms of regulation are important, the majority of regulatory events occur at the initiation of transcription – genes under common control share response elements (aka cis-acting elements, ...
... – Once the DNA template is accessible, the next requirement is to form the initiation complex • although other forms of regulation are important, the majority of regulatory events occur at the initiation of transcription – genes under common control share response elements (aka cis-acting elements, ...
Physiological and Pharmacological Alterations in Postsynaptic
... appeared similar in somatic and dendritic morphology and cellular density to control, untreated cultures. In patch-clamp recordings from hippocampal pyramidal cells from ‘‘epileptic,’’ low Mg 2/ pretreated hippocampal cultures, a rapid ( within 2 h of treatment ) , permanent ( lasting ¢8 days ) and ...
... appeared similar in somatic and dendritic morphology and cellular density to control, untreated cultures. In patch-clamp recordings from hippocampal pyramidal cells from ‘‘epileptic,’’ low Mg 2/ pretreated hippocampal cultures, a rapid ( within 2 h of treatment ) , permanent ( lasting ¢8 days ) and ...
Essential Cell Biology
... Second messenger: small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal (first messenger) that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples include cAMP, IP3 and Ca 2+ ...
... Second messenger: small molecule formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal (first messenger) that helps to relay the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples include cAMP, IP3 and Ca 2+ ...
the emerging significance of cAMP efflux a
... Taking into account that cAMP may function as an extracellular signaling molecule, it is possible to assume that, by stimulating AC enzymes, all GsPCRs may have significant impact on cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine signaling. Actually, by studying the contribution of cAMP efflux and the extr ...
... Taking into account that cAMP may function as an extracellular signaling molecule, it is possible to assume that, by stimulating AC enzymes, all GsPCRs may have significant impact on cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine signaling. Actually, by studying the contribution of cAMP efflux and the extr ...
235 actions of bicuculline on cell body and neuropilar membranes of
... readily into the existing vertebrate classification of receptor subtypes, but form a pharmacologically distinct subtype of nicotinic receptor. In contrast to its action on vertebrate GABAA receptors, bicuculline has no effect on dose-dependent, GABA-induced membrane conductance changes in giant inte ...
... readily into the existing vertebrate classification of receptor subtypes, but form a pharmacologically distinct subtype of nicotinic receptor. In contrast to its action on vertebrate GABAA receptors, bicuculline has no effect on dose-dependent, GABA-induced membrane conductance changes in giant inte ...
- The Pawson Lab
... mutant induced these posterior protrusions at a frequency 2.5 times that of WT, despite being expressed at equal levels (Figure 2, B and C). These protruding structures were formed from a subset of the tissue expressing Y928F as evidenced by lineage tracing via coexpression of -galactosidase (Figur ...
... mutant induced these posterior protrusions at a frequency 2.5 times that of WT, despite being expressed at equal levels (Figure 2, B and C). These protruding structures were formed from a subset of the tissue expressing Y928F as evidenced by lineage tracing via coexpression of -galactosidase (Figur ...
Two highly related regulatory subunits of PP2A exert opposite
... in situ hybridisation probes corresponding to nucleotides 1988-2176 and 9194 of the full-length mRNA, respectively, were generated by PCR from Xenopus cDNA libraries and cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Xbra and gsc probes (Howell et al., 2002), pCS2-GFP, pFTX4K-EGFPSmad2 and the plasmid expressing ...
... in situ hybridisation probes corresponding to nucleotides 1988-2176 and 9194 of the full-length mRNA, respectively, were generated by PCR from Xenopus cDNA libraries and cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen). Xbra and gsc probes (Howell et al., 2002), pCS2-GFP, pFTX4K-EGFPSmad2 and the plasmid expressing ...
Differential expression and regulation of two distinct
... to both aFGF and bFGF in the 45Ca2+ efflux assays. Interestingly, FGFR-4 binds aFGF with high affinity but it does not bind bFGF (Partanen et al., 1991). The development of the amphibian embryo involves a series of inductive events. The first of these is thought to be mesoderm induction, which is be ...
... to both aFGF and bFGF in the 45Ca2+ efflux assays. Interestingly, FGFR-4 binds aFGF with high affinity but it does not bind bFGF (Partanen et al., 1991). The development of the amphibian embryo involves a series of inductive events. The first of these is thought to be mesoderm induction, which is be ...
Calcium is a universal second messenger, and changes in
... concentration ([Ca2+]i) triggers a wide spectrum of cellular responses including a long-lasting modification of synaptic transmission and changes in cellular excitability and gene expression that may lead to changes in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli. The intracellular calcium stores, such a ...
... concentration ([Ca2+]i) triggers a wide spectrum of cellular responses including a long-lasting modification of synaptic transmission and changes in cellular excitability and gene expression that may lead to changes in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli. The intracellular calcium stores, such a ...
G protein
... • Cells can down-regulate receptors in two ways – Cells reduce the density of receptors on their cell surfaces via receptor-mediated endocytosis – Cells can adapt to signals by desensitization, alterations to the receptor that lower its affinity for the ligand – A common method of desensitization is ...
... • Cells can down-regulate receptors in two ways – Cells reduce the density of receptors on their cell surfaces via receptor-mediated endocytosis – Cells can adapt to signals by desensitization, alterations to the receptor that lower its affinity for the ligand – A common method of desensitization is ...
Review Article GPCRs: Lipid-Dependent Membrane Receptors That
... these receptors is therefore an important determinant in their structure and function [36, 41–44]. In addition, it has recently been reported that the interaction between GPCRs and G proteins could be modulated by membrane lipids [45]. Importantly, the membrane lipid environment of GPCRs has been im ...
... these receptors is therefore an important determinant in their structure and function [36, 41–44]. In addition, it has recently been reported that the interaction between GPCRs and G proteins could be modulated by membrane lipids [45]. Importantly, the membrane lipid environment of GPCRs has been im ...
Glucagon receptor recycling: role of carboxyl terminus - AJP-Cell
... embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, we showed that internalized GR recycled to the plasma membrane within 30 – 60 min following stimulation of the cells with 100 nM glucagon. In HEK-293 cells and during recycling, GR colocalized with Rab4, Rab11, -arrestin1, -arrestin2, and actin filaments, in the c ...
... embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, we showed that internalized GR recycled to the plasma membrane within 30 – 60 min following stimulation of the cells with 100 nM glucagon. In HEK-293 cells and during recycling, GR colocalized with Rab4, Rab11, -arrestin1, -arrestin2, and actin filaments, in the c ...
Dynamic regulation of the GABAA receptor function by redox
... the neuronal sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) (Portugal et al., 2009). However, the effects of ascorbate on neurotransmission, and particularly on the function of ...
... the neuronal sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) (Portugal et al., 2009). However, the effects of ascorbate on neurotransmission, and particularly on the function of ...
MolCellNeuroCBl
... This revealed saturation of the MOR alkaloid agonist induced response because peak responses increased only slightly, or even decreased, at the high concentration range. In addition, we observed that MOR responses to alkaloids developed very slowly and never fully activated maximal GIRK currents eve ...
... This revealed saturation of the MOR alkaloid agonist induced response because peak responses increased only slightly, or even decreased, at the high concentration range. In addition, we observed that MOR responses to alkaloids developed very slowly and never fully activated maximal GIRK currents eve ...
N. Synapse & Neurotransmitter
... Glutamic acid -the most common neurotransmitter in the brain -always excitatory -Receptors that increase the flow of positive ions by opening ionchannels eg) NMDA(or NMDAR) receptor & AMPA receptors LTP (Long-Term Potentiation) ~ crucial to some forms of learning & memory. ...
... Glutamic acid -the most common neurotransmitter in the brain -always excitatory -Receptors that increase the flow of positive ions by opening ionchannels eg) NMDA(or NMDAR) receptor & AMPA receptors LTP (Long-Term Potentiation) ~ crucial to some forms of learning & memory. ...