DMD # 35568 - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
... accompanied by severely reduced circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results have clearly implicated CYP activity in hepatic lipid homeostasis. Given the fact that the liver CPR null mice have their CPR gene deletion occur neonatally, as controlled by the albumin promoter, a subseq ...
... accompanied by severely reduced circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These results have clearly implicated CYP activity in hepatic lipid homeostasis. Given the fact that the liver CPR null mice have their CPR gene deletion occur neonatally, as controlled by the albumin promoter, a subseq ...
Presynaptic Inhibition by GABA Is Mediated via Two Distinct GABA
... We have reported previously that GABA was a potent inhibitor of increases in [Cal, elicited by potassium depolarization in synaptic terminals of isolated bipolar neurons (Heidelberger and Matthews, 199 1). Because this action of GABA has functionally important implications for the release of transmi ...
... We have reported previously that GABA was a potent inhibitor of increases in [Cal, elicited by potassium depolarization in synaptic terminals of isolated bipolar neurons (Heidelberger and Matthews, 199 1). Because this action of GABA has functionally important implications for the release of transmi ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
Modulation of calcium by sympathetic activation
... true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I phosphorylation (as compared with ICa or RyR). This would require very high amounts of the various anchoring and signalling proteins, because troponin I and phospholamban are present at 50 mM or higher conce ...
... true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I phosphorylation (as compared with ICa or RyR). This would require very high amounts of the various anchoring and signalling proteins, because troponin I and phospholamban are present at 50 mM or higher conce ...
THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES IN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE COMPARTMENTATION ACROSS DIFFERENT
... In cardiac myocytes, multiple receptor mediated signalling pathways converge on cyclic nucleotide production. These second messengers then act to achieve changes in cellular function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the th ...
... In cardiac myocytes, multiple receptor mediated signalling pathways converge on cyclic nucleotide production. These second messengers then act to achieve changes in cellular function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the th ...
Creation of a Selective Antagonist and Agonist of the Rat VPAC1
... Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are neuropeptides with widespread distribution in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Besides being a central neurotransmitter, VIP is involved in the nervous control of vascular a ...
... Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are neuropeptides with widespread distribution in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Besides being a central neurotransmitter, VIP is involved in the nervous control of vascular a ...
Role of Adenosine in Response to Vascular Inflammation
... Szent-Györgyi.1 This preceded by 34 years the realization, first articulated by Robert Berne, that adenosine is responsible for the “metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow.”2 Once adenosine receptors were identified in the 1980’s and 1990’s and selective agonists and antagonists became availabl ...
... Szent-Györgyi.1 This preceded by 34 years the realization, first articulated by Robert Berne, that adenosine is responsible for the “metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow.”2 Once adenosine receptors were identified in the 1980’s and 1990’s and selective agonists and antagonists became availabl ...
New weapons against inflammation: dual inhibitors of
... chimeric peptides exhibit dramatic in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in a clinically relevant model of allergic inflammation: ragweed pollen–induced allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Inhibition of sPLA2 and TGase activity was documented in tissue extracts from treated animals, and in vivo ant ...
... chimeric peptides exhibit dramatic in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in a clinically relevant model of allergic inflammation: ragweed pollen–induced allergic conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Inhibition of sPLA2 and TGase activity was documented in tissue extracts from treated animals, and in vivo ant ...
Distinct Roles of PDE4 and PDE10A in the Regulation of cAMP/PKA
... Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a critical regulator of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in cells. Multiple PDEs with different substrate specificities and subcellular localization are expressed in neurons. Dopamine plays a central role in the regulation of motor and cognitive functions. The effect ...
... Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a critical regulator of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in cells. Multiple PDEs with different substrate specificities and subcellular localization are expressed in neurons. Dopamine plays a central role in the regulation of motor and cognitive functions. The effect ...
Role of glutamate on T-cell mediated immunity
... The pivotal role that glutamate plays in the functioning of the central nervous system is well established. Several glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters have been extensively described in the central nervous system where they, respectively mediate glutamate effects and regulates extracellu ...
... The pivotal role that glutamate plays in the functioning of the central nervous system is well established. Several glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters have been extensively described in the central nervous system where they, respectively mediate glutamate effects and regulates extracellu ...
Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling
... changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (simila ...
... changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (simila ...
Cholesterol and bile acids regulate xenosensor signaling in
... xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs, some of the CYPs that hydroxylate endogenous substrates are also regulated transcriptionally by their substrates or metabolites. In the mouse, CYP7A1 is induced by oxysterols and inhibited by bile acids (3). ...
... xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs, some of the CYPs that hydroxylate endogenous substrates are also regulated transcriptionally by their substrates or metabolites. In the mouse, CYP7A1 is induced by oxysterols and inhibited by bile acids (3). ...
The Hype on the Endothelin Signaling System Muscarinic Receptor
... body of CIH-treated cats were decreased upon treatment with pharmacological blockers of ET-A and ET-B. Indeed, western blot analysis shows that ET-B is present in the carotid body and that its expression is increased in response to CIH. Immunohistological studies also show similar findings; that bot ...
... body of CIH-treated cats were decreased upon treatment with pharmacological blockers of ET-A and ET-B. Indeed, western blot analysis shows that ET-B is present in the carotid body and that its expression is increased in response to CIH. Immunohistological studies also show similar findings; that bot ...
The Inhibitory Neuronal Circuit of Spinal Cord in Neuropathic Pain
... to interneurons in spinal dorsal horn. Primary afferent axons form synaptic connection with interneurons of spinal dorsal horn. As all primary afferents have an excitatory action on their postsynaptic targets, local inhibitory interneurons play a critical role in gating of nociceptive transmission. ...
... to interneurons in spinal dorsal horn. Primary afferent axons form synaptic connection with interneurons of spinal dorsal horn. As all primary afferents have an excitatory action on their postsynaptic targets, local inhibitory interneurons play a critical role in gating of nociceptive transmission. ...
Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules, cytokine and
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
Mechanisms of cross-talk between G-protein
... of the signalling pathway. However, there are also many documented examples of interactions between GPCRs, often coupling preferentially to different signalling pathways, which result in a potentiation of Ca2+ signalling. Such interactions have important implications for both the control of cell fun ...
... of the signalling pathway. However, there are also many documented examples of interactions between GPCRs, often coupling preferentially to different signalling pathways, which result in a potentiation of Ca2+ signalling. Such interactions have important implications for both the control of cell fun ...
Endothelial Barrier Function Adenosine
... primarily through surface ectoenzymes (1). Ecto-5⬘-nucleotidase (CD73) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that functions to hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides into bioactive nucleoside intermediates (2). For instance, in epithelia and endothelia, cell surface CD73 converts AMP into adenosine, which w ...
... primarily through surface ectoenzymes (1). Ecto-5⬘-nucleotidase (CD73) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that functions to hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides into bioactive nucleoside intermediates (2). For instance, in epithelia and endothelia, cell surface CD73 converts AMP into adenosine, which w ...
Evolving Concepts in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis: The
... involved in GPCR endocytosis, as well as the contribution of receptor endocytosis to the regulation of GPCR signaling. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR endocytosis has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, as new information becomes available regarding the multit ...
... involved in GPCR endocytosis, as well as the contribution of receptor endocytosis to the regulation of GPCR signaling. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR endocytosis has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, as new information becomes available regarding the multit ...
TGF-beta SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION - University of Colorado-MCDB
... came to light with the cloning of an activin receptor (18), now referred to as ActR-II, with properties similar to those of TGF-β receptors identified in ligand cross-linking studies (19) and genetically implicated in TGF-β signal transduction (20). The cloning of ActR-II also revealed a striking si ...
... came to light with the cloning of an activin receptor (18), now referred to as ActR-II, with properties similar to those of TGF-β receptors identified in ligand cross-linking studies (19) and genetically implicated in TGF-β signal transduction (20). The cloning of ActR-II also revealed a striking si ...
The Cell Adhesion Molecule Neuroplastin
... are cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily that contain three or two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, respectively (26), which are derived from alternative splicing from a single gene. These proteins also contain a single transmembrane and a short intracellular domain. Both n ...
... are cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily that contain three or two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, respectively (26), which are derived from alternative splicing from a single gene. These proteins also contain a single transmembrane and a short intracellular domain. Both n ...
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Synapses by Retrograde
... synapses are modulated by peptides, further studies are needed to determine which synapses are retrogradely modulated by the direct effects of peptides released from postsynaptic dendrites. Conventional Neurotransmitters It has long been known that some neurons, including olfactory granule cells, ha ...
... synapses are modulated by peptides, further studies are needed to determine which synapses are retrogradely modulated by the direct effects of peptides released from postsynaptic dendrites. Conventional Neurotransmitters It has long been known that some neurons, including olfactory granule cells, ha ...
The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular
... morphological changes in response to signaling molecules released after injury or disease9. In this regard, ATP- or ADP-evoked membrane ruffling and chemotaxis of cultured microglia have been shown to occur through a pertussis toxin–sensitive signaling pathway, thus implicating Gi-coupled receptor(s ...
... morphological changes in response to signaling molecules released after injury or disease9. In this regard, ATP- or ADP-evoked membrane ruffling and chemotaxis of cultured microglia have been shown to occur through a pertussis toxin–sensitive signaling pathway, thus implicating Gi-coupled receptor(s ...
9_Hearing_Equilibrium - bloodhounds Incorporated
... 4. Bitter—alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine; aspirin 5. Umami—amino acids glutamate and aspartate ...
... 4. Bitter—alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine; aspirin 5. Umami—amino acids glutamate and aspartate ...
TOSSUP 1) BIOLOGY Multiple Choice Which of the following
... 5) BIOLOGY Short Answer What hormone, produced by the pineal gland and involved in biological rhythms is regulated by light and dark cycles? Answer: Melatonin ...
... 5) BIOLOGY Short Answer What hormone, produced by the pineal gland and involved in biological rhythms is regulated by light and dark cycles? Answer: Melatonin ...