Does immunodominance maintain the diversity of the common cold?
... HRV Cross-Reactivity Cross-reactivity is the ability of B and T cells to react with an epitope on the antigen that they are not designated for. A single HRV serotype is, on average, related to 3.75 other serotypes (Cooney et al., 1975). Therefore, related serotypes may elicit similar immune r ...
... HRV Cross-Reactivity Cross-reactivity is the ability of B and T cells to react with an epitope on the antigen that they are not designated for. A single HRV serotype is, on average, related to 3.75 other serotypes (Cooney et al., 1975). Therefore, related serotypes may elicit similar immune r ...
3HardyWeinbergPreLab
... Resource: AP Bio Big Idea 1 – Evolution, Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Pre-lab: Complete the following parts on a separate sheet of paper. Part 1: Comparative Question – write the comparative question that will be tested for this lab. Part 2: Objectives ...
... Resource: AP Bio Big Idea 1 – Evolution, Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Pre-lab: Complete the following parts on a separate sheet of paper. Part 1: Comparative Question – write the comparative question that will be tested for this lab. Part 2: Objectives ...
LECTURE 10 Viruses I. Properties of viruses. 1. They are obligate
... and release them. IV. Virus & Disease – “A virus is a piece of bad news wrapped in protein.” Sir Peter Medawar 1. In animals, viral disease can produce symptoms in a number of ways. a. Cells are killed by virus exiting cell. b. Toxins they produce in combating virus kill cells. c. Fevers, aches and ...
... and release them. IV. Virus & Disease – “A virus is a piece of bad news wrapped in protein.” Sir Peter Medawar 1. In animals, viral disease can produce symptoms in a number of ways. a. Cells are killed by virus exiting cell. b. Toxins they produce in combating virus kill cells. c. Fevers, aches and ...
H1N1 Epidemiology, Clinical by Dr Sarma
... Single Stranded RNA virus High mutagenicity Two viruses co-infect the same cell New virus with segments of both A mix of Avian, Swine and Human This is genetic reassortment Doesn’t require pigs as intermediary ‘Swine Flu’ is now named H1N1v Present Pandemic – (H1N1)v This is less virulent than H5N1 ...
... Single Stranded RNA virus High mutagenicity Two viruses co-infect the same cell New virus with segments of both A mix of Avian, Swine and Human This is genetic reassortment Doesn’t require pigs as intermediary ‘Swine Flu’ is now named H1N1v Present Pandemic – (H1N1)v This is less virulent than H5N1 ...
Lesson Plan - The Vaccine Makers Project
... helper T cells. Messenger RNA – single-stranded nucleic acid created by transcription All cells use messenger RNA (mRNA) to transcribe DNA into a form that can be used for protein synthesis. It is the type of RNA used to make viral proteins. Neuraminidase – surface glycoprotein on influenza viruses ...
... helper T cells. Messenger RNA – single-stranded nucleic acid created by transcription All cells use messenger RNA (mRNA) to transcribe DNA into a form that can be used for protein synthesis. It is the type of RNA used to make viral proteins. Neuraminidase – surface glycoprotein on influenza viruses ...
A Gleam of Hope - Stanford University School of Medicine
... Similar cases found in Gambian women. ...
... Similar cases found in Gambian women. ...
Evolution of HSV-1 and VZV.
... Phylogenetic analysis • Reconstruction of evolutionary history • Relationship ...
... Phylogenetic analysis • Reconstruction of evolutionary history • Relationship ...
Influenza Final 1-04
... severe, lower respiratory illness caused by a handful of similar viruses. What exactly is influenza? Influenza is a severe, viral illness that often occurs in epidemic proportions in the late fall and winter months. One to four days after coming into contact with the virus (usually by inhaling it fr ...
... severe, lower respiratory illness caused by a handful of similar viruses. What exactly is influenza? Influenza is a severe, viral illness that often occurs in epidemic proportions in the late fall and winter months. One to four days after coming into contact with the virus (usually by inhaling it fr ...
Biology Quiz 2 Answers and explanations Note there were two forms
... Q3. If a farmer applied a weed killer continuously for 25 years, two things could happen; 1) the weeds could become resistant, therefore the product would no longer be effective, and 2) genetic diversity of the weeds could decrease after continued selection. This was an analogous example to bacteria ...
... Q3. If a farmer applied a weed killer continuously for 25 years, two things could happen; 1) the weeds could become resistant, therefore the product would no longer be effective, and 2) genetic diversity of the weeds could decrease after continued selection. This was an analogous example to bacteria ...
Viruses: viruses are not considered to be living organisms do not
... nucleic acids are complex compounds carrying hereditary information ...
... nucleic acids are complex compounds carrying hereditary information ...
Avian Influenza – The Bird Flu
... avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry have been associated with illness and death in humans in Asia, Europe, and the Near East. • In the United States, from 1997 to 2005, there were 16 outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (H5 and H7 subtype) and one outbreak of highly pathogenic av ...
... avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry have been associated with illness and death in humans in Asia, Europe, and the Near East. • In the United States, from 1997 to 2005, there were 16 outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (H5 and H7 subtype) and one outbreak of highly pathogenic av ...
Structure of retroviruses
... The family Retroviridae includes a large number of disease-producing animal viruses, several of which are of clinical importance to humans. Retroviridae are distinguished from all other RNA viruses by the presence of an unusual enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which converts a single-stranded RNA vira ...
... The family Retroviridae includes a large number of disease-producing animal viruses, several of which are of clinical importance to humans. Retroviridae are distinguished from all other RNA viruses by the presence of an unusual enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which converts a single-stranded RNA vira ...
(1) Replication of negative ssRNA viruses
... 1-Medically important negative-strand RNA viruses 2- They are all enveloped; . 3-Their virions contain an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase) that synthesizes viral mRNAs using the genomic the genomic negative-strand viral negative-strand RNA as a template RNAs are not infectious, 4- Some n ...
... 1-Medically important negative-strand RNA viruses 2- They are all enveloped; . 3-Their virions contain an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase) that synthesizes viral mRNAs using the genomic the genomic negative-strand viral negative-strand RNA as a template RNAs are not infectious, 4- Some n ...
P. vivax - CES, IISc
... Genetic origins of Human pandemic Influenza Molecular phylogenetic analysis of influenza virus in 1980s led to the conclusions about possible origins of human pandemic influenza strains causing 1918, 1957 and 1968 ...
... Genetic origins of Human pandemic Influenza Molecular phylogenetic analysis of influenza virus in 1980s led to the conclusions about possible origins of human pandemic influenza strains causing 1918, 1957 and 1968 ...
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
... 2) Classification based on diseases they cause • Viruses that affect humans are divided into 21 groups based on the differences in their genome and replication methods ...
... 2) Classification based on diseases they cause • Viruses that affect humans are divided into 21 groups based on the differences in their genome and replication methods ...
Section 18.1 Summary – pages 475-483
... • Viroids are virus-like agents composed of a single circular strand of RNA with no protein coat. • The amount of viroid RNA is much less than the amount found in viruses. ...
... • Viroids are virus-like agents composed of a single circular strand of RNA with no protein coat. • The amount of viroid RNA is much less than the amount found in viruses. ...
Viruses - SaddleSpace/Haiku
... Epidemic – a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease at a specific time. Pandemic – a worldwide or multiple continent outbreak of an infectious disease. ...
... Epidemic – a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease at a specific time. Pandemic – a worldwide or multiple continent outbreak of an infectious disease. ...
BACTERIOPHAGE
... • Used in treatment of severe viral infection e.g. rabies, herpetic encephalitis,….etc • In the treatment of persistent viral infections e.g. hepatitis B & C,…etc • Used as anticancer agent on the basis of their cell regulation and immunomodulation properties. ...
... • Used in treatment of severe viral infection e.g. rabies, herpetic encephalitis,….etc • In the treatment of persistent viral infections e.g. hepatitis B & C,…etc • Used as anticancer agent on the basis of their cell regulation and immunomodulation properties. ...
Virology study guide for mid
... . Viruses can select a point where they can utilizethe wide range of host cell surface proteins as receptors. ...
... . Viruses can select a point where they can utilizethe wide range of host cell surface proteins as receptors. ...
Excerpts on Ebola virus from
... haemorrhagic fever. It was first associated with an outbreak of 318 cases and a case-fatality rate of 90% in Zaire and caused 150 deaths among 250 cases in Sudan. Smaller outbreaks continue to appear periodically, particularly in East, Central and southern Africa. In 1989, a haemorrhagic disease was ...
... haemorrhagic fever. It was first associated with an outbreak of 318 cases and a case-fatality rate of 90% in Zaire and caused 150 deaths among 250 cases in Sudan. Smaller outbreaks continue to appear periodically, particularly in East, Central and southern Africa. In 1989, a haemorrhagic disease was ...
Coxsackievirus
... prevention,especially after toileting and before eating—can help reduce their spread ...
... prevention,especially after toileting and before eating—can help reduce their spread ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.