Concept questions-lecture exam 1
... 5. What are bacteriophages, and what is their structure? What is a tobacco mosaic virus? How are the poxviruses different from other animal viruses? 6. Since viruses lack metabolic enzymes, how can they synthesize necessary components? What are some enzymes with which the virus is equipped? 7. How a ...
... 5. What are bacteriophages, and what is their structure? What is a tobacco mosaic virus? How are the poxviruses different from other animal viruses? 6. Since viruses lack metabolic enzymes, how can they synthesize necessary components? What are some enzymes with which the virus is equipped? 7. How a ...
Viral Infections of the Skin and Mucus Membranes (2)
... Seroconversion occurs in over 95% Protection persists for more than 20 years Administration in pregnancy is contra-indicated Pregnancy should be avoided for the month following vaccination ...
... Seroconversion occurs in over 95% Protection persists for more than 20 years Administration in pregnancy is contra-indicated Pregnancy should be avoided for the month following vaccination ...
Introduction to the Viruses
... There are three main types of influenza simply named A, B, C. Influenza A is the most common was discovered in 1933. Influenza B was discovered in 1940 and influenza C in 1947. Variants of these basic types are named after the place it first strikes. For example, there is the Hong Kong (B), New Jers ...
... There are three main types of influenza simply named A, B, C. Influenza A is the most common was discovered in 1933. Influenza B was discovered in 1940 and influenza C in 1947. Variants of these basic types are named after the place it first strikes. For example, there is the Hong Kong (B), New Jers ...
dsRNA viruses
... mechanism to produce mRNA for capsid proteins. In the case of ScV-L-A, all of the positive strand transcripts are extruded from the particles. The positive strand of satellite RNA M1, or deletion mutants of L-A or M1, on the other hand, often remain within the particle where they are replicated to g ...
... mechanism to produce mRNA for capsid proteins. In the case of ScV-L-A, all of the positive strand transcripts are extruded from the particles. The positive strand of satellite RNA M1, or deletion mutants of L-A or M1, on the other hand, often remain within the particle where they are replicated to g ...
microbes overview
... form mycorrhizae (vascular plant roots forming associations with fungi) that enhance plant nutrient uptake Some members of Microsporidia are considered as pathogens for humans e.g Nosema and Microsporodium. They are similar to zygomycetes and are obligatory parasites in insects e.g. Nosema infecting ...
... form mycorrhizae (vascular plant roots forming associations with fungi) that enhance plant nutrient uptake Some members of Microsporidia are considered as pathogens for humans e.g Nosema and Microsporodium. They are similar to zygomycetes and are obligatory parasites in insects e.g. Nosema infecting ...
Fv1, the mouse retrovirus resistance gene
... possibility of Fvl action late in the viral replication cycle. Immunofluorescence studies showed greatly reduced levels of viral protein in infected cells, implying that restriction must act at, or before, translation of novel viral products ( 1 9 ) . Nucleic hybridisation experiments showed reduced ...
... possibility of Fvl action late in the viral replication cycle. Immunofluorescence studies showed greatly reduced levels of viral protein in infected cells, implying that restriction must act at, or before, translation of novel viral products ( 1 9 ) . Nucleic hybridisation experiments showed reduced ...
Antiviral Drugs. Treatment of Selected Canine and Feline Viral
... Treatment of viral diseases in small animals is nonspecific and seldom includes antiviral drugs. Therapy tends to be supportive, focusing on fluid and electrolyte supplementation, prevention or treatment of secondary bacterial infection, and treatments that support the function and structure of the ...
... Treatment of viral diseases in small animals is nonspecific and seldom includes antiviral drugs. Therapy tends to be supportive, focusing on fluid and electrolyte supplementation, prevention or treatment of secondary bacterial infection, and treatments that support the function and structure of the ...
viruses, bacteria and cyanobacteria
... They are membranes covering their capsids. The simplest viruses consist of a single molecule of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a capsid, which is made up of different protein molecules. Some bacterial viruses or bacteriophages, are among the most complex viruses. Each of them is made up o ...
... They are membranes covering their capsids. The simplest viruses consist of a single molecule of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a capsid, which is made up of different protein molecules. Some bacterial viruses or bacteriophages, are among the most complex viruses. Each of them is made up o ...
6-virus1
... The virus infects the epithelial cells of the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally the lungs. ...
... The virus infects the epithelial cells of the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally the lungs. ...
Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
... • Symptoms of a viral illness can be caused by several factors. • Many symptoms of a viral infection, such as aches and fever, result from the body’s response to infection. • A vaccine is a weakened form of a pathogen that prepares the immune system to recognize and destroy the pathogen. ...
... • Symptoms of a viral illness can be caused by several factors. • Many symptoms of a viral infection, such as aches and fever, result from the body’s response to infection. • A vaccine is a weakened form of a pathogen that prepares the immune system to recognize and destroy the pathogen. ...
RNA silencing
... RNA silencing• plant “immunity” to viral infection involves spread of signals across membranes • silencing triggered by dsRNA, transgenes, viruses • If virus carries a plant gene, that plant gene is also silenced • “Recovery”- when virus degrades the virus entirley, and is now protected against inf ...
... RNA silencing• plant “immunity” to viral infection involves spread of signals across membranes • silencing triggered by dsRNA, transgenes, viruses • If virus carries a plant gene, that plant gene is also silenced • “Recovery”- when virus degrades the virus entirley, and is now protected against inf ...
Important of Plant viruses - International Invention Journals
... of the virus takes place when they become associated with the plant roots. Examples include Polymyxa graminis, which has been shown to transmit plant viral diseases in cereal crops (Kneller et al., 2006), and Polymyxa betae which transmits Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Plasmodiophorids also creat ...
... of the virus takes place when they become associated with the plant roots. Examples include Polymyxa graminis, which has been shown to transmit plant viral diseases in cereal crops (Kneller et al., 2006), and Polymyxa betae which transmits Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Plasmodiophorids also creat ...
bacteriophage and viruses-study material-2012
... In 1892, Dmitry Ivanovsky showed that the sap from a diseased tobacco plant remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. Dmitry Ivanovsky used the filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infe ...
... In 1892, Dmitry Ivanovsky showed that the sap from a diseased tobacco plant remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. Dmitry Ivanovsky used the filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infe ...
Microbiology
... Viruses: Characteristics Each virus contains specific surface proteins. They are shaped to match a particular host ...
... Viruses: Characteristics Each virus contains specific surface proteins. They are shaped to match a particular host ...
Influenza Virus
... Prevention: live attenuated vaccine MMR(Measles-Mumps-Rubella) is used in US; Monovalent form (only attenuated mumps virus S97) --program of immunization. ...
... Prevention: live attenuated vaccine MMR(Measles-Mumps-Rubella) is used in US; Monovalent form (only attenuated mumps virus S97) --program of immunization. ...
PEP_2011_13_Recombinant vaccine
... ‘Single-cycle viruses are defective in a viral protein required for assembly or spread. Although these viruses can replicate their genome through a single cycle, no production of infectious virus. Issue at the level of the vaccine efficiency for human disease. Quite weak immune response because the ...
... ‘Single-cycle viruses are defective in a viral protein required for assembly or spread. Although these viruses can replicate their genome through a single cycle, no production of infectious virus. Issue at the level of the vaccine efficiency for human disease. Quite weak immune response because the ...
Powerpoint - Lighthouse Christian Academy
... 1. Many viruses evolve so quickly that they become resistant to antibiotics. 2. Viral infections always directly attack the immune system. 3. Viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs. 4. Viruses evolve so quickly that viral DNA switches to RNA. ...
... 1. Many viruses evolve so quickly that they become resistant to antibiotics. 2. Viral infections always directly attack the immune system. 3. Viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs. 4. Viruses evolve so quickly that viral DNA switches to RNA. ...
General Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease
... (tissue destruction, toxins, immunopathogenesis); mechanisms for escaping host defenses; spread of disease in populations, reservoirs of infection (human, animal, and non-living reservoirs), portals of entry and portals of exit, modes of transmission (contact, vehicles, vectors). Exam 2 ...
... (tissue destruction, toxins, immunopathogenesis); mechanisms for escaping host defenses; spread of disease in populations, reservoirs of infection (human, animal, and non-living reservoirs), portals of entry and portals of exit, modes of transmission (contact, vehicles, vectors). Exam 2 ...
The Evolutionary Genetics of Emerging Plant RNA Viruses
... that, although the rate of recombination varied across different RNA regions, on average, the number of crossover events per segment and replication cycle was about one. Froissart and associates (2005) found that 21 days after stoichiometric inocu- ...
... that, although the rate of recombination varied across different RNA regions, on average, the number of crossover events per segment and replication cycle was about one. Froissart and associates (2005) found that 21 days after stoichiometric inocu- ...
2/20/12 Viruses
... • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, the site of replication for many animal viruses • Animal viruses contain all known modes of viral genome replication (Figure 9.21) • Many more kinds of enveloped animal viruses than enveloped bacterial viruses exist – As animal viruses leave host cell, they can ...
... • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, the site of replication for many animal viruses • Animal viruses contain all known modes of viral genome replication (Figure 9.21) • Many more kinds of enveloped animal viruses than enveloped bacterial viruses exist – As animal viruses leave host cell, they can ...
DNA viruses - WordPress.com
... • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, the site of replication for many animal viruses • Animal viruses contain all known modes of viral genome replication (Figure 9.21) • Many more kinds of enveloped animal viruses than enveloped bacterial viruses exist – As animal viruses leave host cell, they can ...
... • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, the site of replication for many animal viruses • Animal viruses contain all known modes of viral genome replication (Figure 9.21) • Many more kinds of enveloped animal viruses than enveloped bacterial viruses exist – As animal viruses leave host cell, they can ...
Bacteria & Viruses
... • Protists are eukaryotic single-celled organisms – Amoebas, paramecium, etc. – Many probably resemble early eukaryotes ...
... • Protists are eukaryotic single-celled organisms – Amoebas, paramecium, etc. – Many probably resemble early eukaryotes ...
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles. These viral particles, also known as virions, consist of two or three parts: (i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; (ii) a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others. Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity. Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as ""organisms at the edge of life"".Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The range of host cells that a virus can infect is called its ""host range"". This can be narrow, meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species, or broad, meaning it is capable of infecting many.Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses including those that cause AIDS and viral hepatitis evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but several antiviral drugs have been developed.