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TAXONOMY of VIRUSES
TAXONOMY of VIRUSES

... • Contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA • Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid • Have very little enzymes of their own – Use host cell enzymes for replication and packaging – Molecular, nonliving entities (acellular that is not cells) ...
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Negative sense RNA viruses

... - prevention by animal immunization; rarely used for humans - treatment shortly after transmission required; natural mortality in untreated humans is 15-25% - particularly unpleasant death makes this one of the most feared viruses Genus Ephemerovirus - Bovine ephemeral virus is most important - low ...
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... Canine distemper virus spreads by aerosolization to the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract. Multiplication in tissue macrophages leads to spread to tonsils, bronchial lymph nodes and to lymphatic tissues of the GIT, liver etc. Additional spread generally is hematogenous. Leukopenia character ...
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... of blooms and fruit. Foliar symptoms characteristic of singular infections by each of these viruses are often absent in co-infected trees. Transmission: Both PDV and PNRSV can be spread through pollen, seed, or by grafting. Evidence suggests that natural spread within peach orchards via insects duri ...
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... Many disease-causing viruses have both lytic and (16) __________________ cycles. For example, when HIVs infect (17) ______________________ , the viruses enter a lysogenic cycle. Their genetic material becomes incorporated into the (18) __________________ of the white blood cells, forming (19) ______ ...
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Bacteria and Viruses
Bacteria and Viruses

... – DNA or RNA inside a particle which is able to invade specific types of cells ■ Viruses unlike bacteria do not normally live within us – They must be transmitted directly to infect ■ Transmission can be through – Particles in the air – the almighty sneeze (influenza) ...
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... Asparagine or Histidine; P = Proline; A = Alanine; G = Glycine; X3 = Arginine or Lysine; X4 = Asparagine, Histidine, Lysine, Arginine, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine or Tryptophan; X5 = Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, or Tryptophan; X6 = Serine, Threonine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Glutamine, or Asparagine; X7 = Any ...
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Oncolytic virus

An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by lysis, they release new infectious virus particles to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune responses.The potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents was first realised in the early twentieth century, although coordinated research efforts did not begin until the 1960s. A number of viruses including adenovirus, reovirus, measles, herpes simplex, Newcastle disease virus and vaccinia have now been clinically tested as oncolytic agents. Most current oncolytic viruses are engineered for tumour selectivity, although there are naturally occurring examples such as reovirus and the SVV-001 Seneca Valley virus, resulting in clinical trials.As of 2011, only limited human trials had been performed.Nevertheless, the drug talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVex, T-VEC) recently (Jan 2012) reported the first positive interim Phase III clinical trial results for an oncolytic virus, making it likely that it will also be the first one approved for use (for the treatment of advanced melanoma). However, skeptics have questioned the clinical relevance of this interim data citing that the awaited overall survival data will be the final judgement and that it is likely that patient benefit will be maximised in combination with other therapies, which this trial did not test. 2015 update: In a combined decision, members of the FDA’s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) and Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee (CTGTAC) voted 22-1 to recommend approval of the oncolytic immunotherapy talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) as a treatment for patients with advanced melanoma. A final approval decision from the FDA is scheduled by October 27, 2015. Approved in Latvia oncolytic virus RIGVIR was registered in Georgia in February 2015. Melanoma Research published new data on RIGVIR efficacy, showing that early stage melanoma patients treated with oncolytic virus RIGVIR had 4.39–6.57-fold lower mortality than those, who according to melanoma treatment guidelines did not receive virotherapy and were only observed.
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