Case and Agreement in Polish Predicates
... Are there independent empirical arguments for the structure in Figure 4 and against that in Figure 5? This question is roughly equivalent to the following question: Are there arguments for the claim that za as used in (3) is a 1-argument preposition, as in Figure 4, in contrast to predicative (e.g., ...
... Are there independent empirical arguments for the structure in Figure 4 and against that in Figure 5? This question is roughly equivalent to the following question: Are there arguments for the claim that za as used in (3) is a 1-argument preposition, as in Figure 4, in contrast to predicative (e.g., ...
3.2 Clitics in Dutch
... between simple clitics and special clitics. Therefore they do not serve to determine the exact status of the weak pronouns in Dutch. The tests mentioned here are also generally taken to suggest that weak pronouns are heads, rather than phrases. This distinction is of great significance for the natur ...
... between simple clitics and special clitics. Therefore they do not serve to determine the exact status of the weak pronouns in Dutch. The tests mentioned here are also generally taken to suggest that weak pronouns are heads, rather than phrases. This distinction is of great significance for the natur ...
The Syntactic Operator se in Spanish
... I here present an account of all these constructions in which I suggest that some new ideas in the recent literature can prove useful in describing the se phenomena. Focusing on both the effect that se has over the syntactic realization of the verbal arguments, on the one hand, ...
... I here present an account of all these constructions in which I suggest that some new ideas in the recent literature can prove useful in describing the se phenomena. Focusing on both the effect that se has over the syntactic realization of the verbal arguments, on the one hand, ...
Rule 1. You may end a sentence with a preposition. Just do not use
... The prepositions of motion “to,” “toward,” “in,” and “into.” These four prepositions link the verbs of movement— “move,” “go,” “transfer,” “walk,” “run,” “swim,” “ride,” “drive,” “fly,” “travel,” and many more—to their object destination. All of these verbs, except “transfer,” can take both “to” an ...
... The prepositions of motion “to,” “toward,” “in,” and “into.” These four prepositions link the verbs of movement— “move,” “go,” “transfer,” “walk,” “run,” “swim,” “ride,” “drive,” “fly,” “travel,” and many more—to their object destination. All of these verbs, except “transfer,” can take both “to” an ...
Inter- and intrasentential anaphora: the case of the Ancient Greek
... VP1 is a frame, VP2 is an indepedendent rheme and VP3 is an elaboration. The surface string will often be ambiguous between one or more of the syntactic analyses. For example, an initial participle can either be a frame in the specifier of IP, or left-adjoined to IP. If no material follows which cle ...
... VP1 is a frame, VP2 is an indepedendent rheme and VP3 is an elaboration. The surface string will often be ambiguous between one or more of the syntactic analyses. For example, an initial participle can either be a frame in the specifier of IP, or left-adjoined to IP. If no material follows which cle ...
contrastive analysis between indonesian and english declarative
... natural language that is a grammatical and lexical unit consisting of one or more words, representing distinct and differentiated concepts, and combined to form a meaningful statement, question, request, command, etc.1 This means that through sentences, people can deliver their messages -in certain ...
... natural language that is a grammatical and lexical unit consisting of one or more words, representing distinct and differentiated concepts, and combined to form a meaningful statement, question, request, command, etc.1 This means that through sentences, people can deliver their messages -in certain ...
English ditransitive verbs often allow two distinct structures, the
... or directly to the theme (Pylkkänen (2002)). The applicative head contributes the meaning distinct to the DOC, and it gives rise to the hierarchical structure noted by Barss and Lasnik. This applicative head is missing in the to-dative so that this construction has an argument structure distinct fro ...
... or directly to the theme (Pylkkänen (2002)). The applicative head contributes the meaning distinct to the DOC, and it gives rise to the hierarchical structure noted by Barss and Lasnik. This applicative head is missing in the to-dative so that this construction has an argument structure distinct fro ...
6.863J Natural Language Processing Lecture 9: Writing grammars
... John ate the ice-cream What did John eat? What did Bill say that that John thought the cat ate? For What x, did Bill say… the cat ate x Bush is too stubborn to talk to Bush is too stubborn [x to talk to Bush] Bush is too stubborn to talk to the Pope Bush is too stubborn [Bush to talk to the Pope] 6. ...
... John ate the ice-cream What did John eat? What did Bill say that that John thought the cat ate? For What x, did Bill say… the cat ate x Bush is too stubborn to talk to Bush is too stubborn [x to talk to Bush] Bush is too stubborn to talk to the Pope Bush is too stubborn [Bush to talk to the Pope] 6. ...
Tigris and Euphrastes - a comparison between human and machine
... regarded as composed of a single visible symbol, replicated in two dimensions to correspond to whatever symbol is being considered. It is clear that the decision as to what constitutes an initial symbol must depend on the use to which this category is to be applied. A different decision might well ...
... regarded as composed of a single visible symbol, replicated in two dimensions to correspond to whatever symbol is being considered. It is clear that the decision as to what constitutes an initial symbol must depend on the use to which this category is to be applied. A different decision might well ...
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) Parsing: Assigning Structure to
... Noun phrases, like other kinds of phrases, are headed: there is a designated item (the noun) which determines the properties of the whole phrase I ...
... Noun phrases, like other kinds of phrases, are headed: there is a designated item (the noun) which determines the properties of the whole phrase I ...
23 THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
... psychological cause (motive). Most of adjuncts expresses the meaning of place and time. For example, a sentence in the short story about science fiction, “She had a very happy life until she was murdered on her wedding day”. On her wedding day is a prepositional phrase that functions as adjunct beca ...
... psychological cause (motive). Most of adjuncts expresses the meaning of place and time. For example, a sentence in the short story about science fiction, “She had a very happy life until she was murdered on her wedding day”. On her wedding day is a prepositional phrase that functions as adjunct beca ...
on the communicative value of the modern english finite verb
... reliefs of the latter do not as a rule display such high degrees of distinctness as those of the former. We have therefore abstained from using italics in the Czech versions. The rises in CD that have their share in bringing about the italicized distinct reliefs seem to be evident. They occur after ...
... reliefs of the latter do not as a rule display such high degrees of distinctness as those of the former. We have therefore abstained from using italics in the Czech versions. The rises in CD that have their share in bringing about the italicized distinct reliefs seem to be evident. They occur after ...
Writing Skills: Section 5
... should be replaced with “including,” which functions as a preposition in this context. Choice (C) results in a comma splice. Two independent clauses (“As senior speech writer for President Clinton, Carolyn Curiel crafted many of Clinton‟s major speeches” and “they include some of his most famous”) a ...
... should be replaced with “including,” which functions as a preposition in this context. Choice (C) results in a comma splice. Two independent clauses (“As senior speech writer for President Clinton, Carolyn Curiel crafted many of Clinton‟s major speeches” and “they include some of his most famous”) a ...
Te Quest for Cognates: A Reconstruction of Oblique Subject
... character or an “object” origin of the subject-like argument. We present three different scenarios for the development of the construction and lay out the different predictions arising from each of these. First, if the construction is an independent development in the individual Indo-European branches ...
... character or an “object” origin of the subject-like argument. We present three different scenarios for the development of the construction and lay out the different predictions arising from each of these. First, if the construction is an independent development in the individual Indo-European branches ...
The Structure of English Language
... An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction--an adverb that connects the subordinate clause to the main clause. The subordinating conjunction may indicate a relationship of cause, concession, comparison, condition, place, manner, purpose, result or time. It is important to remember that ...
... An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction--an adverb that connects the subordinate clause to the main clause. The subordinating conjunction may indicate a relationship of cause, concession, comparison, condition, place, manner, purpose, result or time. It is important to remember that ...
Reflections on English personal pronouns
... The pronoun you originally referred to a group of people including the hearer. In this capacity it may now be replaced by you all or youse in certain dialects. Today it replaces the obsolete thou (surviving only in the Quaker thee) in referring to a single hearer, although it still requires the plur ...
... The pronoun you originally referred to a group of people including the hearer. In this capacity it may now be replaced by you all or youse in certain dialects. Today it replaces the obsolete thou (surviving only in the Quaker thee) in referring to a single hearer, although it still requires the plur ...
Paraphrasing factoid dependency trees into fluent sentences in a
... In this thesis I will present the results of a feasibility study of paraphrasing factoid dependency trees into fluent sentences in a natural language. We do not address the paraphrasis of full text, with anaphora and discourse structures, but limit ourselves to factual sentences (factoids). We do no ...
... In this thesis I will present the results of a feasibility study of paraphrasing factoid dependency trees into fluent sentences in a natural language. We do not address the paraphrasis of full text, with anaphora and discourse structures, but limit ourselves to factual sentences (factoids). We do no ...
revisiting agreement paradigms: predicative
... Syntax studies sentences, or more explicitly the stage between words and their meaning in utterances. Chomsky (1981, 1982) assumes three essential levels of linguistic representation, namely DS (Deep Structure), SS (Surface Structure) and LF (Logical Form). According to transformational grammar, the ...
... Syntax studies sentences, or more explicitly the stage between words and their meaning in utterances. Chomsky (1981, 1982) assumes three essential levels of linguistic representation, namely DS (Deep Structure), SS (Surface Structure) and LF (Logical Form). According to transformational grammar, the ...
The pronominal clitic of quantified noun phrases in Slovenian
... The GQ has traditionally been recognized as a characteristic property of Slavic numeral noun phrases, although individual languages may differ with respect to the inflectional properties of the numerals and the subject-verb agreement pattern. Thus, for instance, Slovenian but not also Serbo-Croatian ...
... The GQ has traditionally been recognized as a characteristic property of Slavic numeral noun phrases, although individual languages may differ with respect to the inflectional properties of the numerals and the subject-verb agreement pattern. Thus, for instance, Slovenian but not also Serbo-Croatian ...
Very Exceptional Case
... locative particle for the single position in the verb's SC complement; and we know, basically by the same token, why overt locative PPs in the infinitival clause must be interpreted as adjuncts. What we have not yet accounted for are the following properties of the construction: the matrix verb can ...
... locative particle for the single position in the verb's SC complement; and we know, basically by the same token, why overt locative PPs in the infinitival clause must be interpreted as adjuncts. What we have not yet accounted for are the following properties of the construction: the matrix verb can ...
The Normal Translation Algorithm in Transparent Intensional Logic
... The analysis of morphology is concentrated on single words or at most on some collocations (it is often questionable whether collocations should be analysed as soon as on this level or not). The aim of this stage is to find all the possible grammatical categories of the given word with respect to it ...
... The analysis of morphology is concentrated on single words or at most on some collocations (it is often questionable whether collocations should be analysed as soon as on this level or not). The aim of this stage is to find all the possible grammatical categories of the given word with respect to it ...
Independent Clauses
... Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples have asked her to sing at their wedding. Ramonita's voice has a clear, angelic quality; furthermore, she clearly enjoys using it. ...
... Ramonita has such a beautiful voice; many couples have asked her to sing at their wedding. Ramonita's voice has a clear, angelic quality; furthermore, she clearly enjoys using it. ...
TRANSLATION SHIFT OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ON ICE AGE
... Prepositions are always used together with other words. The preposition is classified as a part of speech in traditional grammar. Preposition as well as conjunctions differ from other part of speech in that each is composed of a small class of words that have no formal characteristic endings; each s ...
... Prepositions are always used together with other words. The preposition is classified as a part of speech in traditional grammar. Preposition as well as conjunctions differ from other part of speech in that each is composed of a small class of words that have no formal characteristic endings; each s ...
Chapter I
... transitive (ST). If role is emic item, rather than actor, one has equative (EqJ (without scope) or semi-equative (SEq) (with scope). For the clause types in Fig. 1 we give a few samples. Notice that in any one set there may be formal subsets (e.g. active versus passive) or ...
... transitive (ST). If role is emic item, rather than actor, one has equative (EqJ (without scope) or semi-equative (SEq) (with scope). For the clause types in Fig. 1 we give a few samples. Notice that in any one set there may be formal subsets (e.g. active versus passive) or ...
Amalgam: A machine-learned generation module
... et al 1995). The second set of rules, which includes sensitivity to the target domain, transforms the representations produced by the first module to yield still more candidate sentences. The candidate sentences are compactly represented as a word lattice. Word bigrams are used to score and find the ...
... et al 1995). The second set of rules, which includes sensitivity to the target domain, transforms the representations produced by the first module to yield still more candidate sentences. The candidate sentences are compactly represented as a word lattice. Word bigrams are used to score and find the ...
Antisymmetry
In linguistics, antisymmetry is a theory of syntactic linearization presented in Richard Kayne's 1994 monograph The Antisymmetry of Syntax. The crux of this theory is that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order. The theory derives a version of X-bar theory. Kayne hypothesizes that all phrases whose surface order is not specifier-head-complement have undergone movements that disrupt this underlying order. Subsequently, there have also been attempts at deriving specifier-complement-head as the basic word order.Antisymmetry as a principle of word order is reliant on assumptions that many theories of syntax dispute, e.g. constituency structure (as opposed to dependency structure), X-bar notions such as specifier and complement, and the existence of ordering altering mechanisms such as movement and/or copying.