OCEAN BASINS, GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE OCEANS
... EARTH – The earth is 4.5 billion years old and has inner defined regions. The floor is about 200my old and the continents are about 3.8 my old Inner core –1200km, 4000oC or 7200oF - solid Outer core – 1300km - liquid Mantle – 2850 km thick, semi-solid but flows Continental crust or lithosphere – 100 ...
... EARTH – The earth is 4.5 billion years old and has inner defined regions. The floor is about 200my old and the continents are about 3.8 my old Inner core –1200km, 4000oC or 7200oF - solid Outer core – 1300km - liquid Mantle – 2850 km thick, semi-solid but flows Continental crust or lithosphere – 100 ...
Plate Tectonics 07ppt
... Oceanic divergent boundary • Sea-floor spreading of ocean plates Mid-Atlantic Ridge ...
... Oceanic divergent boundary • Sea-floor spreading of ocean plates Mid-Atlantic Ridge ...
Earth Science Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics Chapter Overview
... data from the seafloor. This theory, called seafloor spreading, states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches. • The theory of sea floor spreading explained how landmasses could move long distances over time and supported Wegener’s hypothesis of continental ...
... data from the seafloor. This theory, called seafloor spreading, states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches. • The theory of sea floor spreading explained how landmasses could move long distances over time and supported Wegener’s hypothesis of continental ...
Zipangu in the Ocean Program Tetsuro Urabe
... Fifteen million years ago, the Japanese archipelago was mostly under the ocean. Volcanic activity on the seabed pushed magma into the ocean crust, dissolving and concentrating minerals. This process is called as hydrothermal activity, and this activity produces vast amounts of mineral resources, cal ...
... Fifteen million years ago, the Japanese archipelago was mostly under the ocean. Volcanic activity on the seabed pushed magma into the ocean crust, dissolving and concentrating minerals. This process is called as hydrothermal activity, and this activity produces vast amounts of mineral resources, cal ...
Oceanography
... Earth Science SOL Review Sheet #12: Oceanography Essential Knowledge and Skills Most waves on the ocean surface are generated by wind. The tides are the daily, periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. There are large current systems in the oce ...
... Earth Science SOL Review Sheet #12: Oceanography Essential Knowledge and Skills Most waves on the ocean surface are generated by wind. The tides are the daily, periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. There are large current systems in the oce ...
Plate Tectonics Basics – Tutorial Script - FOG
... asthenosphere causing it to melt. That molten magma is now less dense and so it, too rises, with the water, to the surface, where it erupts in a chain of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc or island arc. Subduction zone volcanoes always happen above the subduction zone on the plate that does N ...
... asthenosphere causing it to melt. That molten magma is now less dense and so it, too rises, with the water, to the surface, where it erupts in a chain of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc or island arc. Subduction zone volcanoes always happen above the subduction zone on the plate that does N ...
Volcanoes and the Earth System
... Explain the role of volcanoes in regulating climate. Describe and provide examples of how volcanoes of the geosphere influence Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. We have discussed how Earth is a system of interacting spheres: Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The vi ...
... Explain the role of volcanoes in regulating climate. Describe and provide examples of how volcanoes of the geosphere influence Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. We have discussed how Earth is a system of interacting spheres: Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The vi ...
amazonbasingeologicaldevelopment
... • Matching rocks and fossils in Eastern South America and Western Africa; • Matching coastline shapes; • Magnetic “stripes” on Atlantic sea-floor rocks on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Water ran off the continent to the west, depositing sediments into the Pacific Ocean ...
... • Matching rocks and fossils in Eastern South America and Western Africa; • Matching coastline shapes; • Magnetic “stripes” on Atlantic sea-floor rocks on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Water ran off the continent to the west, depositing sediments into the Pacific Ocean ...
A New Carbon-Based Algal Biomass Proxy for Photoacclimation
... Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Via Amm. F. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy ...
... Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Via Amm. F. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy ...
IODE Regional Coordinator Report for IOCINDIO
... 9.3 Established of an RNODC for the Persian Gulf Area (RNODC-P.GULF) (Resolution IODE-XVI.2) 9.4 Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) An autonomous body under Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD) was established in February 1999 with a mandate to synthesizes, ocean observations ...
... 9.3 Established of an RNODC for the Persian Gulf Area (RNODC-P.GULF) (Resolution IODE-XVI.2) 9.4 Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) An autonomous body under Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD) was established in February 1999 with a mandate to synthesizes, ocean observations ...
Plate Tectonics
... 4. Climatic patterns shown by rock layers: Some rock types only form in certain climates, for example coal, which forms in warm, very wet (rainy) environments. If coal is found in a place that is not warm and rainy, then either the climate has changed or the rock has moved. ...
... 4. Climatic patterns shown by rock layers: Some rock types only form in certain climates, for example coal, which forms in warm, very wet (rainy) environments. If coal is found in a place that is not warm and rainy, then either the climate has changed or the rock has moved. ...
AICE Env Day 5 Evidence of Plate Tectonics Stations
... underwater objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The mid-ocean ridges curve along the sea floor, extending into all of Earth’s oceans. Most of the mountains in the mid-ocean ridges lie hidden under hundreds of meters of water. A steep-sided valley splits the top of some mid-ocean ...
... underwater objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves. The mid-ocean ridges curve along the sea floor, extending into all of Earth’s oceans. Most of the mountains in the mid-ocean ridges lie hidden under hundreds of meters of water. A steep-sided valley splits the top of some mid-ocean ...
Important Oceanography Stuff
... dilution; when deposition of other sed decrease percentage of biogen seds. calcite compensation depth [CCD]; point at which sed does not usually contain much calcite b/c it readily dissolves. usually 15k ft below sea lv, but varies. Siliceous unaffected calcareous ooze can survive lower than CCD if ...
... dilution; when deposition of other sed decrease percentage of biogen seds. calcite compensation depth [CCD]; point at which sed does not usually contain much calcite b/c it readily dissolves. usually 15k ft below sea lv, but varies. Siliceous unaffected calcareous ooze can survive lower than CCD if ...
PS 2-6-08 - elyceum-beta
... • Used Sonar (invented during WWII) to map the Ocean Floor To Produce underwater maps for Submarines Found that there was a huge ridge of mountains in the middle of the Atlantic ocean ...
... • Used Sonar (invented during WWII) to map the Ocean Floor To Produce underwater maps for Submarines Found that there was a huge ridge of mountains in the middle of the Atlantic ocean ...
Plate Tectonics - THS Aquatic Science
... As the two sides of the mountain move away from each other, magma wells up from the Earth's interior. It then solidifies into rock as it is cooled by the sea, creating new ocean floor. ...
... As the two sides of the mountain move away from each other, magma wells up from the Earth's interior. It then solidifies into rock as it is cooled by the sea, creating new ocean floor. ...
Transatlantic Arctic and Marine Research Initiative
... Marine ecosystems, their biogeochemistry and related services are influenced by many stressors. Whilst some of these stressors are directly linked to human activities (e.g. fishing), for others the linkage may be more indirect via climate change (e.g. temperature) or biogeochemical processes (e.g. o ...
... Marine ecosystems, their biogeochemistry and related services are influenced by many stressors. Whilst some of these stressors are directly linked to human activities (e.g. fishing), for others the linkage may be more indirect via climate change (e.g. temperature) or biogeochemical processes (e.g. o ...
CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Fig. CO7
... Pacific warm pool on western side Thermocline deeper on western side Upwelling off the coast of Peru ...
... Pacific warm pool on western side Thermocline deeper on western side Upwelling off the coast of Peru ...
Chapter 7: Ocean circulation
... Pacific warm pool on western side Thermocline deeper on western side Upwelling off the coast of Peru ...
... Pacific warm pool on western side Thermocline deeper on western side Upwelling off the coast of Peru ...
hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis
... Hydrothermal vents were discovered in 1977 in the Pacific Ocean. Since then, they have been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and most recently, the Arctic Ocean. Most occur at an average depth of about 2,100 meters (7,000 ft) in areas of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Ocean Ridge system — the underw ...
... Hydrothermal vents were discovered in 1977 in the Pacific Ocean. Since then, they have been found in the Atlantic, Indian, and most recently, the Arctic Ocean. Most occur at an average depth of about 2,100 meters (7,000 ft) in areas of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Ocean Ridge system — the underw ...
EIPG_11e_Lecture_Ch13
... These sediments are typically carried by turbidity currents (mixtures of sediment and water) down sub-marine canyons ...
... These sediments are typically carried by turbidity currents (mixtures of sediment and water) down sub-marine canyons ...
Using oxygen isotope ratios to constrain glacial
... 18. Foram fractionation: forams don’t actually use the ‘same’ ratio of oxygen isotopes found in sea water to build their shells (it is species dependent). However, we can do lab experiments on LIVING, MODERN forams to determine how they fractionate. This is great for more recent history, but gets mo ...
... 18. Foram fractionation: forams don’t actually use the ‘same’ ratio of oxygen isotopes found in sea water to build their shells (it is species dependent). However, we can do lab experiments on LIVING, MODERN forams to determine how they fractionate. This is great for more recent history, but gets mo ...
File
... 2. The Aleutian Islands off of the coast of Alaska lie at the edge of the Pacific Oceanic Plate. These islands move at a rate of about 5 cm per year. The islands are moving because __________. a. The North American plate is sinking into the ocean b. Earthquakes have pushed the plate as they shake th ...
... 2. The Aleutian Islands off of the coast of Alaska lie at the edge of the Pacific Oceanic Plate. These islands move at a rate of about 5 cm per year. The islands are moving because __________. a. The North American plate is sinking into the ocean b. Earthquakes have pushed the plate as they shake th ...
PLATE TECTONICS
... • Mountain chains that ended at the coastline of one continent seemed to continue on other continents across the ocean. – The Appalachian Mountains extend northward along the eastern coast of North America, and mountains of similar age and structure are found in Greenland, Scotland, and northern Eur ...
... • Mountain chains that ended at the coastline of one continent seemed to continue on other continents across the ocean. – The Appalachian Mountains extend northward along the eastern coast of North America, and mountains of similar age and structure are found in Greenland, Scotland, and northern Eur ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.