SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
... The carbonate ions from dissolved sodium carbonate precipitate magnesium and calcium ions from hard water. These metal ions would otherwise combine with soap or detergent and form an insoluble scum that would stain the laundered clothes. ...
... The carbonate ions from dissolved sodium carbonate precipitate magnesium and calcium ions from hard water. These metal ions would otherwise combine with soap or detergent and form an insoluble scum that would stain the laundered clothes. ...
Continental Drift, Sea-floor spreading, & Plate Tectonics
... 2. Material close to the core is hot and has a low density. 3. Material close to the crust is cool and has a high density. 4. More dense material sinks and less dense material rises causing a convection current. 5. When the material reaches the plates it pushes them away or toward the plate boundar ...
... 2. Material close to the core is hot and has a low density. 3. Material close to the crust is cool and has a high density. 4. More dense material sinks and less dense material rises causing a convection current. 5. When the material reaches the plates it pushes them away or toward the plate boundar ...
convection-and-the-mantel-1st-one-of-week-5
... Evidence from fossils – He found a fossilized fern (Glossopteris) that grew in a very specific time, on 5 different continents Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. This is very strong evidence that all of the land where the ferns grew was at a different place than now. The ferns ...
... Evidence from fossils – He found a fossilized fern (Glossopteris) that grew in a very specific time, on 5 different continents Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. This is very strong evidence that all of the land where the ferns grew was at a different place than now. The ferns ...
Oceanography – MARSC 100: Study Guide – Exam 3 (Ch
... What are estuaries? What are the values of estuaries? How have human activities destroyed & continue to threaten estuaries? What human activities interfere with coastal processes & how do they impact the coast? What has been the response to these coastal impacts (Hint: seawalls, sand import)? How ha ...
... What are estuaries? What are the values of estuaries? How have human activities destroyed & continue to threaten estuaries? What human activities interfere with coastal processes & how do they impact the coast? What has been the response to these coastal impacts (Hint: seawalls, sand import)? How ha ...
Some reflections on the charts of the ocean floor: Do they hide more
... borders. The impression is that along North America not only the eastern half of the ocean disappeared by subduction but also the ridge itself and parts originally situated west of it. Along South America “only” the older Mesozoic and (?)Pre-Mesozoic parts of the ocean disappeared while in the Weste ...
... borders. The impression is that along North America not only the eastern half of the ocean disappeared by subduction but also the ridge itself and parts originally situated west of it. Along South America “only” the older Mesozoic and (?)Pre-Mesozoic parts of the ocean disappeared while in the Weste ...
Cold ocean = hot summer? - Science Journal for Kids
... of cold water in the North Atlantic Ocean. Second, we wanted to ocean blob and the heat wave in 2015. Finally, we wanted to see whether colder ocean waters in the North Atlantic historically preceded European heat waves. To solve these problems, we brought together and analyzed monthly data for at l ...
... of cold water in the North Atlantic Ocean. Second, we wanted to ocean blob and the heat wave in 2015. Finally, we wanted to see whether colder ocean waters in the North Atlantic historically preceded European heat waves. To solve these problems, we brought together and analyzed monthly data for at l ...
Census of Antarctic Marine Life
... Marine Life Firstly, could you explain what inspired the CAML initiative and outline its overall aims and objectives? The Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) was inspired by the urgent need for a robust benchmark of marine biodiversity in the waters around Antarctica, against which the effects of ...
... Marine Life Firstly, could you explain what inspired the CAML initiative and outline its overall aims and objectives? The Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) was inspired by the urgent need for a robust benchmark of marine biodiversity in the waters around Antarctica, against which the effects of ...
What caused Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Change?
... and the onset of the next glaciation Archer and Ganopolski Uses models of how much CO2 and cooling is required to start an ice age to predict how soon the next ice age will come, considering how much CO2 we have/will put in the atmosphere. “A carbon release from fossil fuels… of 500 Gton C could pre ...
... and the onset of the next glaciation Archer and Ganopolski Uses models of how much CO2 and cooling is required to start an ice age to predict how soon the next ice age will come, considering how much CO2 we have/will put in the atmosphere. “A carbon release from fossil fuels… of 500 Gton C could pre ...
deep-ocean basin
... • The average depth of the water covering a continental shelf is about 60 m. ...
... • The average depth of the water covering a continental shelf is about 60 m. ...
Ocean
... water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. • Large surface ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy ...
... water at high latitudes, and the Coriolis force generated by the earth's rotation. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. • Large surface ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy ...
Sediment Deposition Supports Seafloor Spreading
... The goal of the scientific ocean drilling program is to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath 500 m the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The seafloor is usually made up of a thick layer of sediment. The sediment is composed 1000 m of sand, silt, clay, and microfossils that drift down throug ...
... The goal of the scientific ocean drilling program is to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath 500 m the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The seafloor is usually made up of a thick layer of sediment. The sediment is composed 1000 m of sand, silt, clay, and microfossils that drift down throug ...
Directed Reading
... support b. a piloted, self-propelled, free-moving submarine c. remotely piloted submersible that allows oceanographers to study the ocean depths for long periods of time ...
... support b. a piloted, self-propelled, free-moving submarine c. remotely piloted submersible that allows oceanographers to study the ocean depths for long periods of time ...
Full text (PDF)
... alkalinity pump, thereby leading to a rise of atmospheric CO2. [19] In order to compare the atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to temperature-dependent processes with the previous study [Matsumoto, 2007], we additionally ran an idealized simulation of global uniform temperature perturbation from the preind ...
... alkalinity pump, thereby leading to a rise of atmospheric CO2. [19] In order to compare the atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to temperature-dependent processes with the previous study [Matsumoto, 2007], we additionally ran an idealized simulation of global uniform temperature perturbation from the preind ...
long-term observations - MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and
... How would the funding be established for such an effort? At present, the costs of doing research are growing while institutional funding for science is declining. This trend is unlikely to reverse anytime soon. Given other urgent national priorities, it is unlikely that new funds will be easily fort ...
... How would the funding be established for such an effort? At present, the costs of doing research are growing while institutional funding for science is declining. This trend is unlikely to reverse anytime soon. Given other urgent national priorities, it is unlikely that new funds will be easily fort ...
Stories in IPRC Climate
... often in small areas for special regional experiments. Figure 2 illustrates how deployment and currents interact. Hundreds of drifters were let loose close to the equator but they were soon pushed to higher latitudes by the divergence associated with the equatorial upwelling forming the famous “cold ...
... often in small areas for special regional experiments. Figure 2 illustrates how deployment and currents interact. Hundreds of drifters were let loose close to the equator but they were soon pushed to higher latitudes by the divergence associated with the equatorial upwelling forming the famous “cold ...
Chapter 6: Ecosystems and the Physical Environment
... nitrogen (N2) and combine the resulting single nitrogen atoms with hydrogen. Nitrogenase functions only in the absence of oxygen. ...
... nitrogen (N2) and combine the resulting single nitrogen atoms with hydrogen. Nitrogenase functions only in the absence of oxygen. ...
Chapter Four – Earth Science
... Additionally, fossils of the reptiles Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus also have been found on widely separated landmasses. Evidence from the Climate: An island in e Artic Ocean contains fossils of tropical plants. The island at one time must have been close to the equator. Also, scratches in rocks made ...
... Additionally, fossils of the reptiles Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus also have been found on widely separated landmasses. Evidence from the Climate: An island in e Artic Ocean contains fossils of tropical plants. The island at one time must have been close to the equator. Also, scratches in rocks made ...
Section 02 - Forces Of Nature
... In tropical oceans, water evaporates and heat is transferred to the atmosphere. As the air warms, it becomes less dense and rises in a spiral, drawing yet more air upwards. This rising air has a heavy load of moisture, which, as it reaches higher altitudes, cools and condenses, releasing heat. The e ...
... In tropical oceans, water evaporates and heat is transferred to the atmosphere. As the air warms, it becomes less dense and rises in a spiral, drawing yet more air upwards. This rising air has a heavy load of moisture, which, as it reaches higher altitudes, cools and condenses, releasing heat. The e ...
Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide
... Any such changes could make the fit of continents inexact. 29. About 200 million years ago, Wegener’s supercontinent, Pangaea, was an enormous landmass made up of all of Earth’s present continents. At that time, the land making up present North America must have been near the equator, where swamps t ...
... Any such changes could make the fit of continents inexact. 29. About 200 million years ago, Wegener’s supercontinent, Pangaea, was an enormous landmass made up of all of Earth’s present continents. At that time, the land making up present North America must have been near the equator, where swamps t ...
GEOL 1080 I - Research at UVU
... i. Based on sustained wind speed (winds sustained for at least one minute) ii. If winds must be greater than 74mph (if less it’s a tropical storm) iii. Category 5 is the largest, with winds over 155 mph. iv. Have had two category 5’s strike North America already this season; first time on record tha ...
... i. Based on sustained wind speed (winds sustained for at least one minute) ii. If winds must be greater than 74mph (if less it’s a tropical storm) iii. Category 5 is the largest, with winds over 155 mph. iv. Have had two category 5’s strike North America already this season; first time on record tha ...
Marine Primary Productivity: Measurements and Variability
... primary producers. Primary producers however, immediately respire some of the organic matter they make to meet their own energy needs, so it is not available as food to other organisms. We are more interested, however, in Net primary production, which is the organic matter that is left over or the c ...
... primary producers. Primary producers however, immediately respire some of the organic matter they make to meet their own energy needs, so it is not available as food to other organisms. We are more interested, however, in Net primary production, which is the organic matter that is left over or the c ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.