![Wealth from the Oceans: Use, Stewardship, and Security](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007970669_1-64a2c41875b6fe3078c9e1fe0c388d90-300x300.png)
Wealth from the Oceans: Use, Stewardship, and Security
... over the water. That many turbines would outnumber the oil and gas platforms 12- to 25-fold. Although 100,000 wind turbines is surely unattainable, this order of magnitude warns how the cables to convey the electricity to shore would lace the seafloor, and the towers would transform and bristle in t ...
... over the water. That many turbines would outnumber the oil and gas platforms 12- to 25-fold. Although 100,000 wind turbines is surely unattainable, this order of magnitude warns how the cables to convey the electricity to shore would lace the seafloor, and the towers would transform and bristle in t ...
SANCOR Newsletter 210 - National Research Foundation
... Figure 2: Multiple observed indicators of a changing global carbon cycle: (a) atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Mauna Loa (19° 32’N, 155°34’W – red) and South Pole (89°59’S, 24°48’W – black) since 1958; (b) partial pressure of dissolved CO2 at the ocean surface ...
... Figure 2: Multiple observed indicators of a changing global carbon cycle: (a) atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Mauna Loa (19° 32’N, 155°34’W – red) and South Pole (89°59’S, 24°48’W – black) since 1958; (b) partial pressure of dissolved CO2 at the ocean surface ...
History of Ocean Exploration and Marine Sciences
... apply marine sciences today. c. It is interesting. Oceanography grew out of humanity’s desire to explore and discover. It’s about people, not the ocean and test tubes. Guided discussion question(s): Pick a major historical event and discuss the role(s) played by the ocean. You might choose a militar ...
... apply marine sciences today. c. It is interesting. Oceanography grew out of humanity’s desire to explore and discover. It’s about people, not the ocean and test tubes. Guided discussion question(s): Pick a major historical event and discuss the role(s) played by the ocean. You might choose a militar ...
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Policy document 12/05 June 2005
... concentration of hydrogen ions. If global emissions of CO2 from human activities continue to rise on current trends then the average pH of the oceans could fall by 0.5 units (equivalent to a three fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions) by the year 2100. This pH is probably lower than h ...
... concentration of hydrogen ions. If global emissions of CO2 from human activities continue to rise on current trends then the average pH of the oceans could fall by 0.5 units (equivalent to a three fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions) by the year 2100. This pH is probably lower than h ...
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
... concentration of hydrogen ions. If global emissions of CO2 from human activities continue to rise on current trends then the average pH of the oceans could fall by 0.5 units (equivalent to a three fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions) by the year 2100. This pH is probably lower than h ...
... concentration of hydrogen ions. If global emissions of CO2 from human activities continue to rise on current trends then the average pH of the oceans could fall by 0.5 units (equivalent to a three fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions) by the year 2100. This pH is probably lower than h ...
Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006
... over outgoing radiation8 driving global warming is too small to measure directly as radiative fluxes9 . About 93% of this net planetary energy increase is stored in the oceans1 , a result of the large heat capacity of sea water relative to air, the ocean’s dominance of the planet’s surface area, and ...
... over outgoing radiation8 driving global warming is too small to measure directly as radiative fluxes9 . About 93% of this net planetary energy increase is stored in the oceans1 , a result of the large heat capacity of sea water relative to air, the ocean’s dominance of the planet’s surface area, and ...
et al
... The upper waters of the Arctic contain approximately 25 GT of inorganic carbon and about 2 GT of organic carbon (in the form of living organisms, detritus and other materials) Seawater inflow of Pacific Ocean water through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea and Atlantic Ocean water flowing into the Bar ...
... The upper waters of the Arctic contain approximately 25 GT of inorganic carbon and about 2 GT of organic carbon (in the form of living organisms, detritus and other materials) Seawater inflow of Pacific Ocean water through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea and Atlantic Ocean water flowing into the Bar ...
An experimental study on major element release from the sediments
... Abstract With the enhanced warming and acidification of global ocean, whether and to what extent the naturally-weathered fluvial sediment into the sea can release elements and thus influence the geochemical process and ecosystem of global ocean remain to be resolved. In this contribution, an experim ...
... Abstract With the enhanced warming and acidification of global ocean, whether and to what extent the naturally-weathered fluvial sediment into the sea can release elements and thus influence the geochemical process and ecosystem of global ocean remain to be resolved. In this contribution, an experim ...
Records of post–Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
... It is now widely appreciated that the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary coincides with an impact of a large extraterrestrial body, which apparently initiated a chain of events leading to global ecosystem collapse and extinctions (e.g., Alvarez et al., 1980; Smit and Hertogen, 1980). The possible pr ...
... It is now widely appreciated that the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary coincides with an impact of a large extraterrestrial body, which apparently initiated a chain of events leading to global ecosystem collapse and extinctions (e.g., Alvarez et al., 1980; Smit and Hertogen, 1980). The possible pr ...
SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
... information: Detailed bathymetric (depth) studies showed that there was an extensive submarine ridge system that extended around the globe. These became known as MID-OCEAN RIDGES. Sampling by dredging showed that these midocean ridges were formed of young basalt, referred to as MORB (mid-ocean ri ...
... information: Detailed bathymetric (depth) studies showed that there was an extensive submarine ridge system that extended around the globe. These became known as MID-OCEAN RIDGES. Sampling by dredging showed that these midocean ridges were formed of young basalt, referred to as MORB (mid-ocean ri ...
Earth,Notes,RevQs,Ch13
... regions dominated by basaltic volcanism associated with hotspots. However, neither area is characterized by rifting or fragmentation of a continent. Thus, hotspot volcanism does not necessarily always lead to the breakup of a continent. 20. When initially formed, oceanic crust is warm and buoyant, w ...
... regions dominated by basaltic volcanism associated with hotspots. However, neither area is characterized by rifting or fragmentation of a continent. Thus, hotspot volcanism does not necessarily always lead to the breakup of a continent. 20. When initially formed, oceanic crust is warm and buoyant, w ...
R e p o
... Earth’s oxygen and nearly all of the food for planktonic animals (zooplankton), which, in turn, feed higher trophic levels such as fish. The species composition of the plankton community affects higher trophic levels (including the fish available for human consumption), and phenomena such as harmful ...
... Earth’s oxygen and nearly all of the food for planktonic animals (zooplankton), which, in turn, feed higher trophic levels such as fish. The species composition of the plankton community affects higher trophic levels (including the fish available for human consumption), and phenomena such as harmful ...
BasinWide Oceanographic Array Bridges the South Atlantic
... Sciences de l’Univers. The western side of SAMBA is supported by the Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, the Brazilian São Paulo State Funding Agency, the National Council for Research and Development, the InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research, and NOAA. For the September 2013 cruise, ...
... Sciences de l’Univers. The western side of SAMBA is supported by the Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, the Brazilian São Paulo State Funding Agency, the National Council for Research and Development, the InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research, and NOAA. For the September 2013 cruise, ...
The global warming hiatus: Slowdown or redistribution?
... A recent paper [Karl et al., 2015] describes corrections to ocean surface temperatures, also known as sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Corrections for systematic differences between colocated ship and drifting buoys measuring SSTs and systematic differences between merchant ship-measured SSTs and simu ...
... A recent paper [Karl et al., 2015] describes corrections to ocean surface temperatures, also known as sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Corrections for systematic differences between colocated ship and drifting buoys measuring SSTs and systematic differences between merchant ship-measured SSTs and simu ...
ES Chapter 3 PPT
... water that flow very slowly along the ocean floor. • Deep currents form when the cold, dense water from the poles inks below warmer, less dense ocean water and flows toward the equator. • The densest and coldest ocean water is located off the coast of Antarctica and flows very slowly northward produ ...
... water that flow very slowly along the ocean floor. • Deep currents form when the cold, dense water from the poles inks below warmer, less dense ocean water and flows toward the equator. • The densest and coldest ocean water is located off the coast of Antarctica and flows very slowly northward produ ...
CO 2 - ICTS
... CO2 + H2O + CO32- ↔ 2HCO3• CO2 invasion into ocean will deplete CO32• Reduced CO32- is detrimental to organisms that need CO32- for making shells and skeletons ...
... CO2 + H2O + CO32- ↔ 2HCO3• CO2 invasion into ocean will deplete CO32• Reduced CO32- is detrimental to organisms that need CO32- for making shells and skeletons ...
The UN Ocean Conference - June 2017, Guidance to the ENVI
... to targets outlined in SDG 14 4 on setting sustainable fishing quotas and establishing marine protected areas, among others. Fully implementing the individual SDGs means considering both the positive and negative effects they will have on achieving other SDGs 5 . In particular, the objectives of SDG ...
... to targets outlined in SDG 14 4 on setting sustainable fishing quotas and establishing marine protected areas, among others. Fully implementing the individual SDGs means considering both the positive and negative effects they will have on achieving other SDGs 5 . In particular, the objectives of SDG ...
3 - Sea Floor Spreading
... • Questions Hess wanted answers to: – Why is there so little sediment deposited on the ocean floor? If the oceans have existed for at least 4 billion years, as most geologists believed, shouldn’t there be more? – Why are fossils found on the seafloor no more than 180 million years old? Marine fossil ...
... • Questions Hess wanted answers to: – Why is there so little sediment deposited on the ocean floor? If the oceans have existed for at least 4 billion years, as most geologists believed, shouldn’t there be more? – Why are fossils found on the seafloor no more than 180 million years old? Marine fossil ...
IN 2005 - International Coral Reef Initiative
... ago. Bleaching could become an annual event in 20 years with predicted CO2 concentration of around 450 ppm. The consensus of leading scientists assembled by the UK Royal Society in 2009 was that atmospheric CO2 concentrations need to be “significantly below 350 ppm” for the long-term viability of co ...
... ago. Bleaching could become an annual event in 20 years with predicted CO2 concentration of around 450 ppm. The consensus of leading scientists assembled by the UK Royal Society in 2009 was that atmospheric CO2 concentrations need to be “significantly below 350 ppm” for the long-term viability of co ...
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
... prior to a more detailed discussion of sources and sinks. Let X be the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide expressed as a volumetric mixing ratio in ppm units. It is assumed that X, hereafter denoted the zonally-auerayed concentration, depends on latitude 4 and time t only, variations with a ...
... prior to a more detailed discussion of sources and sinks. Let X be the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide expressed as a volumetric mixing ratio in ppm units. It is assumed that X, hereafter denoted the zonally-auerayed concentration, depends on latitude 4 and time t only, variations with a ...
1 IDS 102 Plate Tectonics Questions Part I: Observations
... Part I: Observations- Four maps of world are positioned around the room. Answer the questions associated with each map and record your general observations about the maps. World topography- this map portrays the elevation of the Earth’s surface by color. See the scale along the side of the map for t ...
... Part I: Observations- Four maps of world are positioned around the room. Answer the questions associated with each map and record your general observations about the maps. World topography- this map portrays the elevation of the Earth’s surface by color. See the scale along the side of the map for t ...
Survival and settling of larval Macoma balthica in
... (OA), which includes changes in the inorganic carbon balance of the seawater coupled with a decrease in pH, is occurring at a rate faster than experienced in the geological past (Hönisch et al., 2012), and is expected to pose a major threat to marine ecosystems worldwide (Orr et al., 2005; Fabry et ...
... (OA), which includes changes in the inorganic carbon balance of the seawater coupled with a decrease in pH, is occurring at a rate faster than experienced in the geological past (Hönisch et al., 2012), and is expected to pose a major threat to marine ecosystems worldwide (Orr et al., 2005; Fabry et ...
Outline of a Unified Ocean Current Theory
... insignia to the new Doctors of Philosophy. This paper is listed in the bibliography by Kullenberg*, but I had not been able to find copies of it except in Ekman’s own reprint collection in the Oceanographic Institute at Goteborg. The main aim of the 1924 paper is to present a generalized form of the ...
... insignia to the new Doctors of Philosophy. This paper is listed in the bibliography by Kullenberg*, but I had not been able to find copies of it except in Ekman’s own reprint collection in the Oceanographic Institute at Goteborg. The main aim of the 1924 paper is to present a generalized form of the ...
The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef
... • Warm waters cause large-scale bleaching • Average of 25% of coral bleached in each temperature hot spot in 2005 ...
... • Warm waters cause large-scale bleaching • Average of 25% of coral bleached in each temperature hot spot in 2005 ...
Ocean acidification
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png?width=300)
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.