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ap® world history 2008 scoring guidelines - AP Central
... The thesis, located in the first paragraph, is specific in terms of continuity and change and addresses the time frame of the question, commerce, and the Indian Ocean region (1 point). The discussion of society in China at the bottom of the first paragraph is not germane to the question, but no poin ...
... The thesis, located in the first paragraph, is specific in terms of continuity and change and addresses the time frame of the question, commerce, and the Indian Ocean region (1 point). The discussion of society in China at the bottom of the first paragraph is not germane to the question, but no poin ...
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... pathways are significantly different in terms of the uptake of CO2. The production of organic matter removes CO2 from solution, while the process of calcification decreases surface ocean alkalinity, and in addition releases CO2 to solution thereby partly counteracting the biological pump (Zeebe & Wolf ...
... pathways are significantly different in terms of the uptake of CO2. The production of organic matter removes CO2 from solution, while the process of calcification decreases surface ocean alkalinity, and in addition releases CO2 to solution thereby partly counteracting the biological pump (Zeebe & Wolf ...
Sea-Floor Spreading - Zion Central Middle School
... Sea-Floor Spreading 8. Subduction – Process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deepocean trench and back into the mantle; allows part of the ocean floor to sink back into the mantle ...
... Sea-Floor Spreading 8. Subduction – Process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deepocean trench and back into the mantle; allows part of the ocean floor to sink back into the mantle ...
d64 - met ocean
... identify the depression on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart describe the stages in the life cycle of a polar front depression describe a family of depressions draw a diagram of a polar front depression, for both northern and southern hemispheres, showing isobars, warm and cold fronts, with cir ...
... identify the depression on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart describe the stages in the life cycle of a polar front depression describe a family of depressions draw a diagram of a polar front depression, for both northern and southern hemispheres, showing isobars, warm and cold fronts, with cir ...
Gerard McCarthy, Darren Rayner, Ivan Haigh, Joel Hirschi
... • The Atlantic is a region of large multi-decadal variability e.g. sea-surface temperatures • The rapid decline we observe is larger than the long slow decline predicted by the IPCC ...
... • The Atlantic is a region of large multi-decadal variability e.g. sea-surface temperatures • The rapid decline we observe is larger than the long slow decline predicted by the IPCC ...
Continental Drift & Seafloor Spreading
... Convection currents exist w/in mantle; moves plates away from each other at divergent boundaries, towards each other at convergent boundaries, past each other at transform boundaries Second mechanism is seafloor spreading- plates slide away from ridges ...
... Convection currents exist w/in mantle; moves plates away from each other at divergent boundaries, towards each other at convergent boundaries, past each other at transform boundaries Second mechanism is seafloor spreading- plates slide away from ridges ...
Transcript from COP-22 Ocean Panel moderated by Fred Krueger
... which is filled with salts. It turned out the salts buffered the solubility and it did not look as though carbon dioxide would be sucked into the water – which meant then that as human civilization was putting CO2 into the air, it would stay there for some time and they thought it would be about 20 ...
... which is filled with salts. It turned out the salts buffered the solubility and it did not look as though carbon dioxide would be sucked into the water – which meant then that as human civilization was putting CO2 into the air, it would stay there for some time and they thought it would be about 20 ...
Chapter 11 Notes: Plate Tectonics
... o Mapped ocean floor with sonar – device that uses sound waves to measure the distance of an object o Discovered steep-sided valleys split the top of some mid-ocean ridges Sea-floor spreading – new magma/lava rises from inside the Earth, erupts, cools, and hardens inside the central valley of a mid- ...
... o Mapped ocean floor with sonar – device that uses sound waves to measure the distance of an object o Discovered steep-sided valleys split the top of some mid-ocean ridges Sea-floor spreading – new magma/lava rises from inside the Earth, erupts, cools, and hardens inside the central valley of a mid- ...
Currents and Climate
... Unusually warm winter in northeastern U.S. Heavy rains, flooding, and mud slides in California. Deadly tornadoes in Florida. ...
... Unusually warm winter in northeastern U.S. Heavy rains, flooding, and mud slides in California. Deadly tornadoes in Florida. ...
Plate motions in the Alpine region and their correlation to
... counterclockwise rotation of the minor plates is an effect of the persistent leftlateral motion between Europe and Africa. Fig. 4 (Upper Cretaceous): The couterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate leads to oblique collision with the Brianconian continental mass to the north. The Adriatic plate d ...
... counterclockwise rotation of the minor plates is an effect of the persistent leftlateral motion between Europe and Africa. Fig. 4 (Upper Cretaceous): The couterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate leads to oblique collision with the Brianconian continental mass to the north. The Adriatic plate d ...
Climate Records from Ice Cores
... in turn the biogenic production rate of methane and its concentration in the atmosphere. • Currently unclear whether this increase in precipitation was global or regionally specific (e.g., role of monsoons?). Where did increased methane production occur (tropics, temperate, polar latitudes)? • Metha ...
... in turn the biogenic production rate of methane and its concentration in the atmosphere. • Currently unclear whether this increase in precipitation was global or regionally specific (e.g., role of monsoons?). Where did increased methane production occur (tropics, temperate, polar latitudes)? • Metha ...
Surface Mixed Layer Profile of Physical and Biogeochemical
... The model mixed layer pCO2 (Figure 3) indicated a distinct temporal variability as the season changes coinciding with the change in sea surface temperature. Also illustrated in Figure 3 is the fact that the model pCO2 generally showed relatively high pCO2 with increasing depth of the ocean. The ocea ...
... The model mixed layer pCO2 (Figure 3) indicated a distinct temporal variability as the season changes coinciding with the change in sea surface temperature. Also illustrated in Figure 3 is the fact that the model pCO2 generally showed relatively high pCO2 with increasing depth of the ocean. The ocea ...
Introduction
... The upper waters of the Arctic contain approximately 25 GT of inorganic carbon and about 2 GT of organic carbon (in the form of living organisms, detritus and other materials) Seawater inflow of Pacific Ocean water through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea and Atlantic Ocean water flowing into the Bar ...
... The upper waters of the Arctic contain approximately 25 GT of inorganic carbon and about 2 GT of organic carbon (in the form of living organisms, detritus and other materials) Seawater inflow of Pacific Ocean water through Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea and Atlantic Ocean water flowing into the Bar ...
Unit 3 Lesson 1 Geological History
... North America and Europe were moving apart at over 250 cm per year or about 100X faster than observed today. Today, Plate Tetonics is widely accepted. Note, Wegener's theory was wrong in one major point. Continents do not plow through the ocean floor. Instead, both continents and ocean floor form so ...
... North America and Europe were moving apart at over 250 cm per year or about 100X faster than observed today. Today, Plate Tetonics is widely accepted. Note, Wegener's theory was wrong in one major point. Continents do not plow through the ocean floor. Instead, both continents and ocean floor form so ...
C O H
... precluding ancillary studies of systematics, ecology, and species distributions. Until a few years ago, the NIH’s ocean pharmaceutical programs had been very narrow, focusing almost exclusively on discovering and developing new anti-cancer drugs. Thus, the very structure of the federal scientific su ...
... precluding ancillary studies of systematics, ecology, and species distributions. Until a few years ago, the NIH’s ocean pharmaceutical programs had been very narrow, focusing almost exclusively on discovering and developing new anti-cancer drugs. Thus, the very structure of the federal scientific su ...
WIND AND BUOYANCY-FORCED UPPER OCEAN
... convective overturning, can then cause deeper, generally cooler, water to be entrained and mixed into the surface mixed layer (Figure 1). Thus entrainment mixing typically causes the SST to cool and the mixed layer to deepen. As discussed in the next section, entrainment mixing can also be generated ...
... convective overturning, can then cause deeper, generally cooler, water to be entrained and mixed into the surface mixed layer (Figure 1). Thus entrainment mixing typically causes the SST to cool and the mixed layer to deepen. As discussed in the next section, entrainment mixing can also be generated ...
Fundamental discoveries about the growth and recycling of continents
... previously proposed based on geologic studies, but was equally widely ignored on the grounds of counter-intuitiveness [Scholl et al., 1980]. By the mid 1980s, trace-element and isotopic studies of ocean-floor sediment and arc eruptive rocks independently confirmed that terrestrial crustal material w ...
... previously proposed based on geologic studies, but was equally widely ignored on the grounds of counter-intuitiveness [Scholl et al., 1980]. By the mid 1980s, trace-element and isotopic studies of ocean-floor sediment and arc eruptive rocks independently confirmed that terrestrial crustal material w ...
References
... patterns. These patterns are likely to shift in response to global warming as mid-latitude storm tracks shift poleward. Such shifts are likely to cause changes in the location and intensity of upwelling, ice cover extent and duration, and ocean stratification, and, by affecting regional weather, run ...
... patterns. These patterns are likely to shift in response to global warming as mid-latitude storm tracks shift poleward. Such shifts are likely to cause changes in the location and intensity of upwelling, ice cover extent and duration, and ocean stratification, and, by affecting regional weather, run ...
Rifting of Pangea and Formation of Present Ocean Basins
... zones (fig. 9.8; Ballance, 1999). It contrasts strongly with the eastern margin of the Pacific, where subducting oceanic lithosphere descends beneath continental margins without any development of offshore island arcs. The difference between the eastern and western Pacific may result from the much olde ...
... zones (fig. 9.8; Ballance, 1999). It contrasts strongly with the eastern margin of the Pacific, where subducting oceanic lithosphere descends beneath continental margins without any development of offshore island arcs. The difference between the eastern and western Pacific may result from the much olde ...
Vulnerability of Semi-Enclosed Marine Systems to Environmental
... patterns. These patterns are likely to shift in response to global warming as mid-latitude storm tracks shift poleward. Such shifts are likely to cause changes in the location and intensity of upwelling, ice cover extent and duration, and ocean stratification, and, by affecting regional weather, run ...
... patterns. These patterns are likely to shift in response to global warming as mid-latitude storm tracks shift poleward. Such shifts are likely to cause changes in the location and intensity of upwelling, ice cover extent and duration, and ocean stratification, and, by affecting regional weather, run ...
Sea-Floor Spreading
... Mid-Ocean Ridge – the longest chain of mountains in the world---these are divergent plate boundaries. ...
... Mid-Ocean Ridge – the longest chain of mountains in the world---these are divergent plate boundaries. ...
Doney_2002_JGOFS_Syn..
... Simple marine ecosystem models have been used extensively in oceanography since the early 1970s (Steele, 1974), but have roots much further back in the literature (Riley, 1946; Steele, 1958). The area was revitalized about the time of the inception of JGOFS by the seminal work of Evans and Parslow ( ...
... Simple marine ecosystem models have been used extensively in oceanography since the early 1970s (Steele, 1974), but have roots much further back in the literature (Riley, 1946; Steele, 1958). The area was revitalized about the time of the inception of JGOFS by the seminal work of Evans and Parslow ( ...
Plate Tectonics
... Divergent boundaries (also called spreading centers) are the place where two plates move apart. Convergent boundaries form where two plates move together. Transform fault boundaries are margins where two plates grind past each other without the production or destruction of the lithosphere. ...
... Divergent boundaries (also called spreading centers) are the place where two plates move apart. Convergent boundaries form where two plates move together. Transform fault boundaries are margins where two plates grind past each other without the production or destruction of the lithosphere. ...
Ocean acidification
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png?width=300)
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.