1. Oceans as a global challenge and priority
... For the European Union and many nations around the world, the oceans hold a key to the future. They offer great potential for boosting growth, jobs and innovation. The output of the global ocean economy is estimated at EUR 1.3 trillion and this could more than double by 2030.1 The oceans play a key ...
... For the European Union and many nations around the world, the oceans hold a key to the future. They offer great potential for boosting growth, jobs and innovation. The output of the global ocean economy is estimated at EUR 1.3 trillion and this could more than double by 2030.1 The oceans play a key ...
Plate Tectonics and Global Impacts – Tutorial Script - FOG
... outward from these transform boundaries. What would happen if we moved the plates backward and undid the spreading? The coasts of North and South America would come back together and merge with those of Europe and Africa. The perfect puzzle-piece fit and the snail-trail marks of the fracture zones c ...
... outward from these transform boundaries. What would happen if we moved the plates backward and undid the spreading? The coasts of North and South America would come back together and merge with those of Europe and Africa. The perfect puzzle-piece fit and the snail-trail marks of the fracture zones c ...
14332/16 - Europa.eu
... For the European Union and many nations around the world, the oceans hold a key to the future. They offer great potential for boosting growth, jobs and innovation. The output of the global ocean economy is estimated at EUR 1.3 trillion and this could more than double by 2030. 1 The oceans play a key ...
... For the European Union and many nations around the world, the oceans hold a key to the future. They offer great potential for boosting growth, jobs and innovation. The output of the global ocean economy is estimated at EUR 1.3 trillion and this could more than double by 2030. 1 The oceans play a key ...
... heritage. Dr. Safina added that agencies need to listen when the public expresses its desire to see things done differently or better. In response to comments that the Commission is tasked with examining how to manage 71% of the planet as the coastal population is increasing, Mr. Hopkins suggested t ...
Uses and Abuses of the Ocean
... The human population grew by 400% during the twentieth century. This growth, coupled with a 4.5-fold increase in economic activity per person, resulted in accelerating exploitation of Earth’s resources. By most calculations, we have used more natural resources since 1955 than in all of recorded huma ...
... The human population grew by 400% during the twentieth century. This growth, coupled with a 4.5-fold increase in economic activity per person, resulted in accelerating exploitation of Earth’s resources. By most calculations, we have used more natural resources since 1955 than in all of recorded huma ...
Identifying Plate Tectonics Lab 1-34
... All 3 kinds of sediments (calcareous ooze, red clay, and siliceous ooze) fall to the ocean bottom everywhere in the ocean, so ocean sediments are mixtures of different sediments. However, often one kind of sediment dominates. In other words, more of one kind of sediment reaches the bottom than eithe ...
... All 3 kinds of sediments (calcareous ooze, red clay, and siliceous ooze) fall to the ocean bottom everywhere in the ocean, so ocean sediments are mixtures of different sediments. However, often one kind of sediment dominates. In other words, more of one kind of sediment reaches the bottom than eithe ...
Right Side Crust
... The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth’s lithosphere is broken into a finite number of jigsaw puzzle-like pieces, or plates, which more relative to one another over a plastically-deforming (but still solid) asthenosphere. The boundaries between plates are marked by active tectonic featu ...
... The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth’s lithosphere is broken into a finite number of jigsaw puzzle-like pieces, or plates, which more relative to one another over a plastically-deforming (but still solid) asthenosphere. The boundaries between plates are marked by active tectonic featu ...
Work Package 3 Drifting Apart Story
... 200 million years, the Iapetus Ocean slowly closed as Baltica and Avalonia (and the associated Ganderia terrane) moved northwards and collided with Laurentia, leading to the formation of the Rheic Ocean behind them. Ocean closure was enabled by subduction of the ocean floor. As this happened volcani ...
... 200 million years, the Iapetus Ocean slowly closed as Baltica and Avalonia (and the associated Ganderia terrane) moved northwards and collided with Laurentia, leading to the formation of the Rheic Ocean behind them. Ocean closure was enabled by subduction of the ocean floor. As this happened volcani ...
Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics and Climate
... These field studies are coordinated with other activities: the development of coupled biological/physical models; retrospective analysis of data collected over the last century by oceanographers, climatologists and fisheries scientists; and, development of improved technology for making coupled obse ...
... These field studies are coordinated with other activities: the development of coupled biological/physical models; retrospective analysis of data collected over the last century by oceanographers, climatologists and fisheries scientists; and, development of improved technology for making coupled obse ...
Presentation
... The Arctic FW reservoir appears weakly constrained Distributions may suggest two modes? - no significant atmospheric mode identified Steffen M Olsen, Polar Oceanography, DMI, Copenhagen DK ...
... The Arctic FW reservoir appears weakly constrained Distributions may suggest two modes? - no significant atmospheric mode identified Steffen M Olsen, Polar Oceanography, DMI, Copenhagen DK ...
IOC report for SCOR, 2016 Ocean acidification Ocean acidification
... Since 2016 GOA‐ON has 245 members, from 45 countries (2015: 150 scientists, 31 countries). New members from Latin America (members from: Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua) and the Western Pacific (members from: Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, China) joined the network. In additio ...
... Since 2016 GOA‐ON has 245 members, from 45 countries (2015: 150 scientists, 31 countries). New members from Latin America (members from: Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua) and the Western Pacific (members from: Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, China) joined the network. In additio ...
Ocean storage
... where CCO2 is the dissolved CO2 concentration, PCO2 is the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere, KHCO2 is the Henry’s law constant, and KCO2 is the solubility of CO2. The solubility KCO2 is a function of pressure, salinity, and acidity (pH) and, most importantly, of temperature, with solubility ...
... where CCO2 is the dissolved CO2 concentration, PCO2 is the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere, KHCO2 is the Henry’s law constant, and KCO2 is the solubility of CO2. The solubility KCO2 is a function of pressure, salinity, and acidity (pH) and, most importantly, of temperature, with solubility ...
Plenary White Paper
... 3. The role of the oceans in climate change The oceans cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface and contain 97% of the Earth’s water. Through their fluid motions, their high heat capacity, and their ecosystems, the oceans play a central role in shaping the Earth’s climate and its variability (as disc ...
... 3. The role of the oceans in climate change The oceans cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface and contain 97% of the Earth’s water. Through their fluid motions, their high heat capacity, and their ecosystems, the oceans play a central role in shaping the Earth’s climate and its variability (as disc ...
Review for Science 10 Provincial Exam
... Seismic waves are measured on a variety of seismograph machines and rated by their amplitude and magnitude. The most common earthquake scale used is the Richter scale which is a measure of the magnitude or energy released during an earthquake. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale which means the ...
... Seismic waves are measured on a variety of seismograph machines and rated by their amplitude and magnitude. The most common earthquake scale used is the Richter scale which is a measure of the magnitude or energy released during an earthquake. The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale which means the ...
Table of Contents
... This book is dedicated to those federal elected officials and senior managers who had the wisdom and foresight to establish the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and who provided it with the resources in the early years to develop into one of the world’s major oceanographic institutions and make imp ...
... This book is dedicated to those federal elected officials and senior managers who had the wisdom and foresight to establish the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and who provided it with the resources in the early years to develop into one of the world’s major oceanographic institutions and make imp ...
Table of Contents
... This book is dedicated to those federal elected officials and senior managers who had the wisdom and foresight to establish the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and who provided it with the resources in the early years to develop into one of the world’s major oceanographic institutions and make imp ...
... This book is dedicated to those federal elected officials and senior managers who had the wisdom and foresight to establish the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and who provided it with the resources in the early years to develop into one of the world’s major oceanographic institutions and make imp ...
S3-All - North Pacific Marine Science Organization
... undergone sudden, dramatic shifts. Changes in ocean climate, the abundance of key species, nutrients, and other factors drive these shifts, with resulting effects on ocean food webs, habitats, and ecosystem functions that have direct impacts on people’s livelihoods and well-being. The fact that ocea ...
... undergone sudden, dramatic shifts. Changes in ocean climate, the abundance of key species, nutrients, and other factors drive these shifts, with resulting effects on ocean food webs, habitats, and ecosystem functions that have direct impacts on people’s livelihoods and well-being. The fact that ocea ...
2How Is Continental Movement Explained by Plate Tectonics?
... map. Where are most of these boundaries located? The top picture on the right shows how plates move at a spreading boundary and what the result can be. The Great Rift Valley in Africa is one place where new crust is being added to the earth's surface. As the crust builds up, it forms a wider and dee ...
... map. Where are most of these boundaries located? The top picture on the right shows how plates move at a spreading boundary and what the result can be. The Great Rift Valley in Africa is one place where new crust is being added to the earth's surface. As the crust builds up, it forms a wider and dee ...
Robust Land–Ocean Contrasts in Energy and Water Cycle Feedbacks
... The model responses are consistent with previously proposed ideas maintaining that relative humidity (RH) over land decreases with warming because precipitation and the hydrological cycle are governed primarily by transports of moisture from the oceans, where increases in lower-tropospheric temperat ...
... The model responses are consistent with previously proposed ideas maintaining that relative humidity (RH) over land decreases with warming because precipitation and the hydrological cycle are governed primarily by transports of moisture from the oceans, where increases in lower-tropospheric temperat ...
Hydrothermal Vents
... Hydrothermal Vents • In 1977, scientists in Alvin dove to the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the eastern Pacific. A spectacular sight greeted them. Clouds of what looked like black smoke were billowing from tall chimneys on the ocean floor. ...
... Hydrothermal Vents • In 1977, scientists in Alvin dove to the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the eastern Pacific. A spectacular sight greeted them. Clouds of what looked like black smoke were billowing from tall chimneys on the ocean floor. ...
Plate Tectonics and Mountains
... Generates new ocean sea floor over time driven by convective currents. ...
... Generates new ocean sea floor over time driven by convective currents. ...
Chapter 22.4: Plate Tectonics
... If sea floor did not move … the entire ocean floor would have the same polarity. ...
... If sea floor did not move … the entire ocean floor would have the same polarity. ...
Plate Tectonics and Mountains
... Generates new ocean sea floor over time driven by convective currents. ...
... Generates new ocean sea floor over time driven by convective currents. ...
Tymms et al Nice abstract
... (1) Department of Earth Sciences, Liverpool University, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK [email protected] Recent observations of depth dependent (heterogeneous) stretching where upper crustal extension is much less than that of the lower crust and lithospheric mantle at both non-volcanic and ...
... (1) Department of Earth Sciences, Liverpool University, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK [email protected] Recent observations of depth dependent (heterogeneous) stretching where upper crustal extension is much less than that of the lower crust and lithospheric mantle at both non-volcanic and ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.