Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change
... alleles [36]. Allelic changes are embedded within genetic networks and hence, will not occur independently to other changes, since any allelic changes at a particular locus will influence only one aspect of a genetic network [37]. These genetic networks essentially consist of the genes which encode ...
... alleles [36]. Allelic changes are embedded within genetic networks and hence, will not occur independently to other changes, since any allelic changes at a particular locus will influence only one aspect of a genetic network [37]. These genetic networks essentially consist of the genes which encode ...
Mantle_1
... Covers about 70% of the Earth's surface Abyssal plains Flat, deep ocean floor Depth may be 3 - 5 km Sediments bury topography of oceanic crust Deep sea trenches The deepest part of the oceans May exceed 10.000 m deep Mariana trench and Tonga trench in the Pacific Ocean (subduction zones) - more than ...
... Covers about 70% of the Earth's surface Abyssal plains Flat, deep ocean floor Depth may be 3 - 5 km Sediments bury topography of oceanic crust Deep sea trenches The deepest part of the oceans May exceed 10.000 m deep Mariana trench and Tonga trench in the Pacific Ocean (subduction zones) - more than ...
Seamounts, New - The Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping
... Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that “the continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the ...
... Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that “the continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the ...
Environmental Science: CRYSYS
... sea. Courtesy of: ESA state to achieve a stable, predictable physical environment for human habitation and utilization; • Canada needs to monitor and manage large marine areas under its Exclusive Economic Zone in 3 oceans (Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific). The open ocean marine ecosystem covers 70% of ...
... sea. Courtesy of: ESA state to achieve a stable, predictable physical environment for human habitation and utilization; • Canada needs to monitor and manage large marine areas under its Exclusive Economic Zone in 3 oceans (Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific). The open ocean marine ecosystem covers 70% of ...
1 Plate Tectonics Review w
... Average about 5 centimeters (2 inches) per year Seven or so smaller ones. Cooler, denser slabs of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle Plates are in motion and change in shape and size Largest plate is the Pacific plate Several plates include an entire continent plus a large area of seafloor ...
... Average about 5 centimeters (2 inches) per year Seven or so smaller ones. Cooler, denser slabs of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle Plates are in motion and change in shape and size Largest plate is the Pacific plate Several plates include an entire continent plus a large area of seafloor ...
Combining Geographic Information Systems and Ethnography to
... Douvere 2008). Stakeholders such as fishermen, shippers, and scientists all have critical interests in ocean space use and possess local and traditional knowledge about use patterns that must be integrated into MSP (Pomeroy and Douvere 2008; Kliskey, Alessa, and Barr 2009). If no attempt is made to ...
... Douvere 2008). Stakeholders such as fishermen, shippers, and scientists all have critical interests in ocean space use and possess local and traditional knowledge about use patterns that must be integrated into MSP (Pomeroy and Douvere 2008; Kliskey, Alessa, and Barr 2009). If no attempt is made to ...
pices xv - North Pacific Marine Science Organization
... An intensive phytoplankton bloom forms every spring in the Oyashio region of the western subarctic Pacific Ocean. This bloom is dominated by coastal diatom species, most of which are known to form resting spores. Resting spores have been recognized as a resting survival stage under unfavorable condi ...
... An intensive phytoplankton bloom forms every spring in the Oyashio region of the western subarctic Pacific Ocean. This bloom is dominated by coastal diatom species, most of which are known to form resting spores. Resting spores have been recognized as a resting survival stage under unfavorable condi ...
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106
... availability of organic carbon for export processes. This notion, in fact, is supported by data on bacterial secondary production (BSP), showing an earlier increase in and higher maxima of production rates at elevated temperatures (Fig. S3A). Thus, at the time of maximum organic carbon accumulation ...
... availability of organic carbon for export processes. This notion, in fact, is supported by data on bacterial secondary production (BSP), showing an earlier increase in and higher maxima of production rates at elevated temperatures (Fig. S3A). Thus, at the time of maximum organic carbon accumulation ...
Developments of the IOC science programme and
... focus will expand not only to the continental shelf and open oceans, but also to estuarine and upstream freshwater ecosystems where perturbations from terrestrial, atmospheric, oceanic sources and human activities converge to cause changes that ramify across local and global scales. The Group will a ...
... focus will expand not only to the continental shelf and open oceans, but also to estuarine and upstream freshwater ecosystems where perturbations from terrestrial, atmospheric, oceanic sources and human activities converge to cause changes that ramify across local and global scales. The Group will a ...
Making marine life count - South Asia Environment Portal
... Pacific salmon from their natal rivers to Alaska [6]. Amidst the new discoveries, however, are sobering insights into historical depletions. From historic records, the Census showed that people have depleted populations of marine species worldwide over hundreds and sometimes thousands of years, chan ...
... Pacific salmon from their natal rivers to Alaska [6]. Amidst the new discoveries, however, are sobering insights into historical depletions. From historic records, the Census showed that people have depleted populations of marine species worldwide over hundreds and sometimes thousands of years, chan ...
Role of Ocean in Global Warming - J
... of the area covered by oceans. Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, in which a general circulation model of the atmosphere is combined with that of ocean, Bryan et al. (1988) investigated the role of ocean in shaping the CO2 -induced warming of the Earth’s surface. The coupled model has socalled ...
... of the area covered by oceans. Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, in which a general circulation model of the atmosphere is combined with that of ocean, Bryan et al. (1988) investigated the role of ocean in shaping the CO2 -induced warming of the Earth’s surface. The coupled model has socalled ...
southern alps: geology - Geoscience Research Institute
... from the collision of two continents (Europe to the North and Adria, a “promontory” of the African continent, to the South) which were previously separated by a narrow ocean (Fig. 1). The formation of the Alps can be divided in four stages (Fig. 2). 1) Jurassic to Cretaceous: phase of ocean spreadi ...
... from the collision of two continents (Europe to the North and Adria, a “promontory” of the African continent, to the South) which were previously separated by a narrow ocean (Fig. 1). The formation of the Alps can be divided in four stages (Fig. 2). 1) Jurassic to Cretaceous: phase of ocean spreadi ...
The Biosphere - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... determines what organisms live in a place. Key elements include: Temperature. Most organisms are adapted to live within a relatively narrow range of temperatures and will not thrive if temperatures are colder or warmer. The growing season of plants, for example, is importantly influenced by temperat ...
... determines what organisms live in a place. Key elements include: Temperature. Most organisms are adapted to live within a relatively narrow range of temperatures and will not thrive if temperatures are colder or warmer. The growing season of plants, for example, is importantly influenced by temperat ...
GEOL 1e Lecture Outlines
... – Landward: sediments are affected by waves and tidal currents – Seaward: gravity transports and deposits sediments – Much of land-derived sediment is seaward of shelf-slope break and covers the continental slope and continental rise ...
... – Landward: sediments are affected by waves and tidal currents – Seaward: gravity transports and deposits sediments – Much of land-derived sediment is seaward of shelf-slope break and covers the continental slope and continental rise ...
and Wilson cycle tectonics
... kinematic thinning including processes such as temperature advection and diffusion, lithospheric flexure and sediment A) Mathematically calculated temperature field for a compaction. sedimentary basin formed by extension. B) Plot of temperature versus depth. C) The corresponding crustal section prov ...
... kinematic thinning including processes such as temperature advection and diffusion, lithospheric flexure and sediment A) Mathematically calculated temperature field for a compaction. sedimentary basin formed by extension. B) Plot of temperature versus depth. C) The corresponding crustal section prov ...
Reversible and irreversible impacts of greenhouse gas
... emissions on regional climate and to discuss forced changes in the context of Earth system variability. Besides global warming, anthropogenic carbon emissions lead to ocean acidification. The ocean has absorbed CO2 at a rate equal to about one-third of that emitted to the atmosphere since preindustr ...
... emissions on regional climate and to discuss forced changes in the context of Earth system variability. Besides global warming, anthropogenic carbon emissions lead to ocean acidification. The ocean has absorbed CO2 at a rate equal to about one-third of that emitted to the atmosphere since preindustr ...
What are Phytoplankton?
... Over the past decade, scientists have begun looking for this trend in satellite observations, and early studies suggest there has been a small decrease in global phytoplankton productivity. For example, ocean scientists documented an increase in the area of subtropical ocean gyres—the least producti ...
... Over the past decade, scientists have begun looking for this trend in satellite observations, and early studies suggest there has been a small decrease in global phytoplankton productivity. For example, ocean scientists documented an increase in the area of subtropical ocean gyres—the least producti ...
Plate Tectonics Tutoiral Questions
... plates move at the surface. Both Earth’s surface and interior are in motion. Solid rock in the mantle can be softened and shaped when subjected to the heat and pressure within Earth’s interior over millions of years. Subduction processes are believed by many scientists to be the driving force of pla ...
... plates move at the surface. Both Earth’s surface and interior are in motion. Solid rock in the mantle can be softened and shaped when subjected to the heat and pressure within Earth’s interior over millions of years. Subduction processes are believed by many scientists to be the driving force of pla ...
Oceans in the Balance
... to locate and literally vacuum entire schools of fish out of the water. These industrial fishing fleets target one species at a time, deplete it and then turn to another species, threatening the very future of our oceans’ ability to sustain life on Earth. Rising temperatures and ocean acidification ...
... to locate and literally vacuum entire schools of fish out of the water. These industrial fishing fleets target one species at a time, deplete it and then turn to another species, threatening the very future of our oceans’ ability to sustain life on Earth. Rising temperatures and ocean acidification ...
Preserving a Balanced Ocean: Regulating Climate Change
... contact with the surface ocean and atmosphere for relatively long time scales associated with ocean currents and circulation.4 The long term environmental impacts of ocean fertilisation are still uncertain and the regulatory framework for this process is still developing. While climate change mitiga ...
... contact with the surface ocean and atmosphere for relatively long time scales associated with ocean currents and circulation.4 The long term environmental impacts of ocean fertilisation are still uncertain and the regulatory framework for this process is still developing. While climate change mitiga ...
Cold Seeps - USF College of Marine Science
... present. These primary producers include two groups of microorganisms: bacteria and archaea. We will focus on the bacteria that use a process called chemosynthesis to create food energy. Bacteria harvest the chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide or methane found in the seep fluids to produce sugars, ...
... present. These primary producers include two groups of microorganisms: bacteria and archaea. We will focus on the bacteria that use a process called chemosynthesis to create food energy. Bacteria harvest the chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide or methane found in the seep fluids to produce sugars, ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.